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Gysler, Anja; Lange, Katharina; Körting, Hans Christian; Schäfer‐Korting, Monika

doi:10.1023/a:1012162708675

Cited by 60 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This metabolite is enzymatically cleaved to prednisolone, the main biotransformation corticosteroid product. Fibroblasts show a distinctively lower enzyme activity 102 . Prednicarbate, prednisolone 17-ethylcarbonate and prednisolone 21-ethylcarbonate are hydrolyzed to a minor extent only.…”

Section: Activation and Inactivation Of Hormones In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland

Zouboulis¹

2004

160

116

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Hormones influence the development and function of human skin which also produces and releases hormones. Recently attention has been focused on identifying and understanding the complex endocrine properties of human skin, such as expression and function of specific hormone receptors, synthesis of hormones from major classes of compounds used by the body for general purposes, organized metabolism, activation, inactivation and elimination of the hormones in specialized cells of the tissue, exertion of biological activity and release of tissue hormones in the circulation. Specifically, hormones exert their biological effects on the skin through interaction with high-affinity receptors, such as several receptors for peptide hormones and neurotransmitters, steroid and thyroid hormones. Hormones exhibit a wide range of biological activities on the skin with distinct effects caused by growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I, neuropeptides, sex steroids, glucocorticoids, retinoids, vitamin D, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, eicosanoids, melatonin and serotonin. Human skin produces, activates or inactivates metabolically numerous hormones which are probably important for skin functions but also for functions of the entire human organism, such as sex hormones, especially in aged individuals, insulin-like growth factor and -binding proteins, neuropeptides, prolactin, catecholamines, retinoids, steroids, vitamin D and eicosanoids. These functions are undertaken in most cases by different skin cell populations in a coordinated way, indicating the endocrine autonomy of the skin. Characteristic examples are the metabolic pathways of the corticotropin-releasing hormone/propiomelanocortin axis, steroidogenesis, vitamin D and retinoids. The human skin is, thus, the largest, peripheral endocrine organ.

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Section: Activation and Inactivation Of Hormones In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glucocorticoids: Glucocorticoids induce hair growth 101 , stimulate sebocyte proliferation 74 and induce skin atrophy, probably due to an effect on dermal fibroblasts 102 . The aggravation of sebaceous gland diseases by glucocorticoids may be due to their stimulatory effects on proliferation and differentiation in the presence of other growth factors 12 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland

Zouboulis¹

2004

160

116

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“…The skin, especially the sebaceous glands, is capable of synthesizing cholesterol – from two-carbon fragments such as acetate [20, 21]– which is utilized in cell membranes, formation of the epidermal barrier, in sebum, and as substrate for steroid hormone synthesis [22]. Skin is also source of corticosteroids [23]and the unique site of vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) production [24, 25]. …”

Section: Synthesis Of Hormones In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This metabolite is enzymatically cleaved to prednisolone, the main biotransformation corticosteroid product. Fibroblasts show a distinctively lower enzyme activity [23]. Prednicarbate, prednisolone 17-ethylcarbonate and prednisolone 21-ethylcarbonate are hydrolyzed to a minor extent only.…”

Section: Activation and Inactivation Of Hormones In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glucocorticoids induce hair growth [92], stimulate sebocyte proliferation [73], and induce skin atrophy probably due to an effect on dermal fibroblasts [23]. The aggravation of sebaceous gland diseases by glucocorticoids may be due to their stimulatory effects on proliferation and differentiation in the presence of other growth factors [4].…”

Section: Biological Activity Of Hormones In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Skin: An Independent Peripheral Endocrine Organ

2000

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The historical picture of the endocrine system as a set of discrete hormone-producing organs has been substituted by organs regarded as organized communities in which the cells emit, receive and coordinate molecular signals from established endocrine organs, other distant sources, their neighbors, and themselves. In this wide sense, the human skin and its tissues are targets as well as producers of hormones. Although the role of hormones in the development of human skin and its capacity to produce and release hormones are well established, little attention has been drawn to the ability of human skin to fulfil the requirements of a classic endocrine organ. Indeed, human skin cells produce insulin-like growth factors and -binding proteins, propiomelanocortin derivatives, catecholamines, steroid hormones and vitamin D from cholesterol, retinoids from diet carotenoids, and eicosanoids from fatty acids. Hormones exert their biological effects on the skin through interaction with high-affinity receptors, such as receptors for peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones and thyroid hormones. In addition, the human skin is able to metabolize hormones and to activate and inactivate them. These steps are overtaken in most cases by different skin cell populations in a coordinated way indicating the endocrine autonomy of the skin. Characteristic examples are the metabolic pathways of the corticotropin-releasing hormone/propiomelanocortin axis, steroidogenesis, vitamin D, and retinoids. Hormones exhibit a wide range of biological activities on the skin, with major effects caused by growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1, neuropeptides, sex steroids, glucocorticoids, retinoids, vitamin D, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, and eicosanoids. At last, human skin produces hormones which are released in the circulation and are important for functions of the entire organism, such as sex hormones, especially in aged individuals, and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins. Therefore, the human skin fulfils all requirements for being the largest, independent peripheral endocrine organ.

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Dermatokortikosteroide (DKST)

Gloor¹

2000

Dermatologische Externatherapie

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Cited by 60 publications

References 12 publications

The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland

The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland

Human Skin: An Independent Peripheral Endocrine Organ

Dermatokortikosteroide (DKST)

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