69. A Comparison of Environmental Sample Methods for Estimating Soil Lead at Trap Shooting Rangescthe Effects of Pellet and Nonpellet Lead

Legal Regulation of the Use of Race in Medical Research

“…For purposes of this article, we distinguish several different kinds of research, roughly following distinctions we have drawn elsewhere. 5 First, there are epidemiological studies, which we define as studies involving record reviews of human subjects, 6 often, but not always, coupled with surveys or interviews of the subjects. 7 Such studies can be used for a number of purposes.…”

“…Non-pharmaceutical trials include tests of surgical techniques and medical devices. 15 With these definitions in mind, we turn to the role of race in research.…”

“…119 As a result, it has been relatively safe, at least in the United States, to assume that race correlated with ancestry, although even in the United States the admixture of races is significant. 120 There are good reasons, however, to be increasingly dubious about the strength of this correlation. The correlation has never been exact, and as more people from East Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia -all areas with more admixed populations -come to the United States, the genetic distinctiveness of "black," "white," and "Asian" groups will lessen.…”

“…Indeed, the risk here is greater than with epidemiological research, precisely because so often in the past racism has been tied to genetics. 124 There are, however, two countervailing factors. First, even though First Amendment law probably does not require that such research be permitted, we believe that the underlying importance of freedom of research is significant.…”

“…143 Of course, environmental influences alter the effects of pharmaceuticals. 144 But environmental ef-fects on drug responses are likely to be seen as less important than genetic effects on drug responses, as the rise of the field of pharmacogenetics demonstrates.…”