81Kr in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia: a new method for dating very old groundwater

Collon, P.; Kutschera, W.; Loosli, H.H.; Lehmann, B.; Purtschert, Roland; Love, Andrew J.; Sampson, Lee; Anthony, D. W.; Cole, D.; Davids, B.

doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(00)00234-x

Cited by 99 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…39Ar fills the time gap between 14C and tracers used to date young ground water (e.g., 3H}He, 85Kr, and man made trace gases). 81 Kr is the isotope of choice to determine water residence times in ground waters that recharge on times scales of 10 5 years (Collon et al 2000;LoosH et al 2000).…”

Section: Radioactive Noble Gas Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detection of these radioactive noble gases requires sample sizes of 500 I of water in case of 39Ar, and about 15'000 1 in case of 81 Kr. The water is usually degassed during field operations to avoid the transport of huge amounts of water (LoosH 1983;Collon et al 2000;LoosH et al 2000).…”

Section: Radioactive Noble Gas Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proportional counters need to be installed in shielded underground laboratories constructed by materials with very low natural activity (LoosE 1983;. The 81Kr analysis is even more ambitious because it requires access either to synchrotron accelerators (Collon et al 2000) or ultra sensitive laser techniques that are able of ionising a single isotope of an element (Ludin and Lehmann 1995). Because of the extreme requirements on sampling and detection, only few groups world wide, inclu~ing the Institute of Environmental Physics of the University of Bern, have the expenmental experience to extract and determine noble gas radioisotopes in natural waters.…”

Section: Radioactive Noble Gas Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Noble Gases in Lakes and Ground Waters

Kipfer

Aeschbach–Hertig

Peeters

et al. 2002

Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

319

352

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Section: Radioactive Noble Gas Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Radioactive Noble Gas Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Radioactive Noble Gas Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Noble Gases in Lakes and Ground Waters

Kipfer

Aeschbach–Hertig

Peeters

et al. 2002

Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

319

352

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“…In addition, 81 Kr is present in surface water and is expected to decrease in groundwater along a water flow line because of radioactive decay. Consequently, the measured 81 Kr/Kr ratio gives a direct measure of the mean age of the groundwater on a time scale from~50,000 to a million years [2,3]. The measurement of 81 Kr in a groundwater sample was first demonstrated using several isotopic enrichment steps followed by resonance ionization and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Krypton Separation from Ambient Air for Application in Collinear Fast Beam Laser Spectroscopy

Mohamed

Strohaber

Nava

et al. 2012

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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A portable apparatus for the separation of krypton from environmental air samples was tested. The apparatus is based on the cryogenic trapping of gases at liquid nitrogen temperature followed by controlled releases at higher temperatures. The setup consists of a liquid nitrogen trap for the removal of H 2 O and CO 2 , followed by charcoal-filled coils that sequentially collect and release krypton and other gases providing four stages of gas chromatography to achieve separation and purification of krypton from mainly N 2 , O 2 , and Ar. Residual reactive gases remaining after the final stage of chromatography are removed with a hot Ti sponge getter. A thermal conductivity detector is used to monitor the characteristic elution times of the various components of condensed gases in the traps during step-wise warming of the traps from liquid nitrogen temperatures to 0°C, and then to 100°C. This allows optimizing the switching times of the valves between the stages of gas chromatography so that mainly krypton is selected and loaded to the next stage while exhausting the other gases using a He carrier. A krypton separation efficiency of~80 % was determined using a quadrupole mass spectrometer.

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“…Determinations of rare isotopes of rare gases (e.g., 3 He, 39 Ar, 81,85 Kr) provide a sensitive means for 1) age dating groundwaters and polar ice sheets (Chen et al 1999;Collon et al 1997;Collon et al 1999;Collon et al 2000;IAEA 1992;Ocker and Thonnard 1997;Oeschger 1987;Petit et al 1999;Thonnard 1995;Wendt et al 2000), 2) studying transport processes in the ocean, atmosphere and groundwater (Bailey et al 2000;Chen et al 1999;IAEA 1992;Kramer et al 1986;Payne et al 1994;Wendt et al 2000), 3) monitoring nuclear-fuel reprocessing activities (Nakleh et al 1997;Poths and Chamberlin 1995;von Hippel et al 1985;Wendt et al 2000), and 4) detecting solar neutrinos (Bahcall and Ulrich 1988;Davis et al 1989). In this report, progress in a project to develop a method for ultrasensitive (10 parts per trillion) determination of isotopic content of rare gases is provided.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implantation and Release of Krypton with Copper Foils

Oliver¹,

Eiden²,

Ballou³

2001

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SummaryA system and a method providing high-efficiency implantation and release of Kr ions in metal foils have been developed. Implantation and release measurements were performed with a static mass spectrometer. Efficient implantation/retention of rare-gas isotopic ions in a target and their subsequent efficient volatilization from the target is the first of two central requirements for developing an ultrasensitive (10 parts per trillion) method to determine the isotopic content of rare gases. In a number of initial Kr ion implantation runs in Cu, with subsequent volatilization of the implanted Kr by heating, implantation/release efficiencies averaging about 52% were observed. This low value was determined to be due to only partial interception of the Kr ion beam by the target. With modifications to the target assembly, mass spectrometer, and target size, the efficiencies for implantation/release of Kr in Cu were raised to essentially 100%. These efficiencies meet the first requirement for developing this method.Further experiments were conducted to determine at what increasing values of Kr ion fluence implantation efficiencies would start to fall below 100% as a result of ion beam/target processes (e.g., sputtering effects, Kr diffusion and radiation damage in the Cu target). In the three highest fluence runs, the implantation/retention efficiency decreased from 88% down to 28% for increasing fluence values. From these data, it was calculated that the threshold for a loss in efficiency was at a fluence of about 2 x 10 14 ions/cm 2 .With the successful development of a method for 100% efficiency in implantation/release of Kr ions in Cu, the second requirement for developing an ultrasensitive method to determine the isotopic content of rare gases can now be addressed. High-efficiency isotopic separation and measurement methods for rare-gas ions by static mass spectrometric techniques will be developed.iii

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81Kr in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia: a new method for dating very old groundwater

Cited by 99 publications

References 26 publications

Noble Gases in Lakes and Ground Waters

Noble Gases in Lakes and Ground Waters

Krypton Separation from Ambient Air for Application in Collinear Fast Beam Laser Spectroscopy

Implantation and Release of Krypton with Copper Foils

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