“…Typically, single cells are mechanically tested using one of four techniques: micropipette aspiration (Guilak et al 2000, Hochmuth 2000, Theret et al 1988), atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Darling et al 2010, Darling et al 2007, Darling et al 2006, Ikai 2009, You and Yu 1999), cytoindentation,(Koay et al 2003, Shin and Athanasiou 1999) or unconfined compression (Leipzig and Athanasiou 2008, Leipzig et al 2006, Ofek et al 2009, Shieh and Athanasiou 2007). Because of the size of the pipette or probe used in micropipette aspiration and atomic force microscopy, these techniques are most useful for measuring the mechanical properties of subcellular components such as portions of the cellular membrane.…”