9. Word tone in Germanic languages

Prosodic structure between the prosodic word and the phonological phrase: Recursive nodes or an independent domain?

“…A similar picture emerges in Swedish, where according to Bruce and Hermans (1999) non-compound word stress pattern is right-hand dominant (this stress pattern is found in simplex words and certain derivatives, in lexicalized phrases and certain compound words). In compound-like expressions, by contrast, stress is left-hand dominant, with the main stress on the first element (according to Bruce and Hermans, this stress pattern is found in real compound words and certain derivatives, like adjectives ending in -iv, in formal compounds, certain enclitic constructions and certain non-compound words).…”

“…For example, geminate clusters reduce across words within compounds, unlike in non-compound sequences of words -see (46) (taken from Bailey 1988: 5.4, citing Eliasson 1986 In addition, according to Bailey (1988) compounds receive only one accent, unlike sequences of words within φ , where each PW receives an accent (like, for instance, in English). Furthermore, similar to European Portuguese and English, in Swedish the compound as a whole functions as the unit of focus, since the focusing of an internal element is not allowed (Bruce and Hermans 1999: 611; see also Gussenhoven and Bruce 1999: 4.3.1 on the placement of the focal tone in Swedish).…”

Analysis of a case of the foreign accent syndrome in terms of the framework of gestural phonology

“…The most consistent correlate for distinguishing stressed syllables from unstressed ones in Norwegian is longer segmental durations (Bruce, 1999;Fintoft, 1970). There will also be a tendency for the stressed syllable to be produced with more force, to have a higher intensity than the unstressed syllable.…”

“…Since variation in subglottal air pressure also is linked to the frequency of phonation, there is a tendency for the intensity to increase when the fundamental frequency increases. Intensity will also vary as a function of vowel characteristics (Bruce, 1999, Heldner, 2001. Thus the generation of intensity is linked to various phonatory and articulatory mechanisms, and variation in intensity will not consistently covary with variation in stress.…”

A tonal analysis of Cologne Schärfung

“…In Gussenhoven (2000b) it was assumed that the lexical tone was identified as the second of the two H tones, as shown by the starred intonational H * . This reconstruction was inspired by the analyses of the Maasbracht, Roermond and Venlo dialects, which have the 'extra ' tone on the second mora of the stressed syllable of words with Accent 2 (Hermans 1985, Bruce & Hermans 1999, Gussenhoven & van der Vliet 1999, Gussenhoven 2000a. While those analyses are well motivated in that respect, there is little reason for assuming the same analysis for Cologne: it would gratuitously require the pitch accents H * L and L * H to be split up by the lexical tone.…”