99mTc-Sestamibi Scintimammography

Abstract

From an anatomical point of view, the mammary gland is part of the female secondary sexual characteristics. The primary biological function of the mammary glands is the feeding of infants with breast milk. The mammary glands belong to the major glands of the cutis (glandulae cutis) and develop from epithelial cones, which grow in the surrounding connective tissue. Initially, the mammary glands are established in the same way in both genders.The female mammary glands are located on the major and minor pectoral muscles (M. pectoralis major, M. pectoralis minor) between the third and the seventh rib and between the sternal-and axillary line. The arterial blood supply of the mammary glands is provided by vascular branches (R. mammarii mediales and laterales) of the internal and lateral thoracic arteries (A. thoracica interna, A. thoracica lateralis) as well as by branches (R. preforantes and R. mammarii laterales) of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries (Aa. intercostales anterior and posterior). The venous drain follows from superficial veins into the lateral and internal thoracic veins (Vv. thoracica lateralis and interna). The mammary glands are characterized by numerous lymphatic vessels, which build a superficial and deep lymphatic mesh with several directions of lymphatic drainage. From a clinical point of view, the main and most important lymphatic drainage reaches the axillary lymph nodes. Additional lymphatic drains flow off to the cervical lymph nodes superior to the clavicles and via the interpectoral lymphatic nodes (N. lymphatici interpectorales) between the pectoral muscles to the axillary lymph nodes, via the parasternal lymph nodes (N. lymphatici parasternales) along the internal thorac vein, and via the

Estudo de otimização de protocolo em cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica com a utilização de um simulador antropomórfico

“…The radioactivity concentration in the cardiac phantom followed the pharmaceutical biodistribution ( 10 , 11 ) . The details of the activity in each organ are individually presented on Table 1 .…”

“…The concentration ratio (MBq/ml) between heart:liver:body was 12:8:1. According to the literature, the concentration ratio (MBq/ml) myocardium/liver is 1.3 ± 0.1 ( 10 - 12 ) .…”

Diagnostic accuracy of [99mTc]Tc-Sestamibi in the assessment of thyroid nodules

“…Nodules with a diameter of ≥ 1 cm require a thyroid scintigraphy to evaluate the functional activity [ 5 ]. There is an increased suspicion of malignancy (2-5%) in hypo- and isofunctional nodules, and in these cases, further evaluation is needed [ 6 ].…”

“…[ 99m Tc]Tc-Sestamibi(MIBI) is increasingly used in practice for the investigation of thyroid nodules. The tracer accumulates in mitochondria-rich cells, common in hyperplasia, malignant tumors, or parathyroid adenomas [ 6 ]. This may help distinguish between benign and malignant nodules, which is important for the selection those patients who would benefit from surgery [ 7 ].…”

“…Another issue is that there is no standardized MIBI-imaging protocol; there can be either a single-phase protocol with late images (1-2 h post injection) or a dual-phase protocol with early (15-30 min post injection) and late images. The imaging can include planar images and/or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images [ 6 ].…”