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Strobel, Mark; Jones, Viv; Lyons, Christopher S.; Ulsh, Michael; Kushner, Mark J.; Dorai, Rajesh; Branch, Melvyn C.

doi:10.1023/a:1022817909276

Cited by 175 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Hydrogen abstraction by oxygen molecules is unlikely to occur in a flame. Thus, it was far more likely that the free radicals in the flame were the species responsible for the formation of the polymer radicals [9,10,30,31,66]. The mechanism has been unanimously considered to occur by a radical process.…”

Section: Oxidation Mechanism By Flame Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanism of surface oxidation by flame treatment likely involves polymer radical formation through abstraction of hydrogen by O and OH, followed by rapid reaction of the polymer radicals with O, OH, and O 2 . The alkoxy, peroxy and hydroperoxy polymer radicals formed by this oxidative attack lead to a wide range of oxidized products through further reactions with O and polymer, or through reactions between the radicals themselves [10,31].…”

Section: Oxidation Mechanism By Flame Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of such technologies include plasma, chemical, corona, flame, and ion implantation treatments [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. These techniques affect only the chemical and physical properties of the outermost surface layer with an effective skin layer depth depending on the type of treatment and treatment conditions, and thus, they do not alter the bulk properties [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame treatment of low-density polyethylene: Surface chemistry across the length scales

Song¹,

Gunst

Arlinghaus

et al. 2007

Applied Surface Science

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The relationship between surface chemistry and morphology of flame treated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was studied by various characterization techniques across different length scales. The chemical composition of the surface was determined on the micrometer scale by Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as with time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), while surface wettability was obtained through contact angle (CA) measurements on the millimeter scale. The surface concentration of hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl groups, as a function of the ''number'' of the flame treatment passes (which is proportional to the treatment time) was obtained. Moreover, a correlation was found with chemical composition and polarity, emphasizing the role of oxygen-containing functional groups introduced during the treatment. Carboxyl functional groups were specifically identified by fluorescent labeling and the results were compared with the ToF-SIMS data. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to evaluate changes in surface topography and roughness on the nanometer to micrometer length scales. After flame treatment, water-soluble low molecular weight oxidized materials (LMWOM), which were generated as products of oxidation and chain scission of the LDPE surface, agglomerated into small topographical mounds that were visible in the AFM micrographs. After rinsing the flame treated samples with water and ethanol, bead-like nodular surface structures were observed. The ionization state of flame treated LDPE surfaces was monitored by chemical force microscopy (CFM). The effective surface pK a values of carboxylic acid (-COOH) obtained by AFM were revealed by chemical force titration curves and the effective surface pK a values were found to be around 6. #

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Section: Oxidation Mechanism By Flame Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oxidation Mechanism By Flame Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame treatment of low-density polyethylene: Surface chemistry across the length scales

Song¹,

Gunst

Arlinghaus

et al. 2007

Applied Surface Science

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“…These particles are accelerated by the electric field of the corona and interact with the surface of the samples. The authors in [15] have ascertained that ac air corona is characterized by high concentrations of О, HO 2 , H 2 O 2 , ОН and О 3 groups. At the same time, the corona discharge forms water-soluble, low-molecular-weight, oxidized materials (LMWOM).…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Holographic recording in charged photopolymerisable nanocomposites

Yovcheva¹,

Vlaeva²,

Sainov³

et al. 2010

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. The holographic recording properties of charged zeolite containing photopolymerisable nanocomposites were studied. Photopolymer samples doped with pure silica MFI-type zeolite nanoparticles were charged using corona discharge. The holographic properties of the nanocomposites were characterised in real time using the Stetson geometry of recording. The influence of the type of charge -positive or negative on the dynamics of holographic recording and the final diffraction efficiency was studied.

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“…Among the wide spectrum of physical methods currently available for the surface modification of plastics (flame [7], corona discharge [8], UV [9], gamma-ray [10], electron beam [11], ion beam [12], plasma [13], and laser treatments [14]), flame treatment and corona discharge are the most widespread, especially in particular sectors such as packaging and automotive, which has primarily been ascribed to the lower cost of these methods. It has been pointed out, however, that flame treatment is probably the most suited for the surface activation of polyolefins and, within this category, polypropylene [15]. Nevertheless, the great potential involved in the flame treatment was underexploited until 1980s [16], when remarkable innovations at both the technical (e.g., the introduction of the polarized flame) and the safety level renewed interest in this method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping physicochemical surface modifications of flame-treated polypropylene

Farris¹,

Pozzoli²,

Vecchia³

et al. 2014

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. The aim of this work was to investigate how the surface morphology of polypropylene (PP) is influenced by the surface activation mediated by a flame obtained using a mixture of air and propane under fuel-lean (equivalence ratio ! = 0.98) conditions. Morphological changes observed on flamed samples with smooth (S), medium (M), and high (H) degree of surface roughness were attributed to the combined effect of a chemical mechanism (agglomeration and ordering of partially oxidized intermediate-molecular-weight material) with a physical mechanism (flattening of the original roughness by the flame's high temperature). After two treatments, the different behavior of the samples in terms of wettability was totally reset, which made an impressive surface energy of ~43 mJ·m -2 possible, which is typical of more hydrophilic polymers (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate -PET). In particular, the polar component was increased from 1.21, 0.08, and 0.32 mJ·m -2 (untreated samples) to 10.95, 11.20, and 11.17 mJ·m -2 for the flamed samples S, M, and H, respectively, an increase attributed to the insertion of polar functional groups (hydroxyl and carbonyl) on the C-C backbone, as demonstrated by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results.

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Cited by 175 publications

References 28 publications

Flame treatment of low-density polyethylene: Surface chemistry across the length scales

Flame treatment of low-density polyethylene: Surface chemistry across the length scales

Holographic recording in charged photopolymerisable nanocomposites

Mapping physicochemical surface modifications of flame-treated polypropylene

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