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Abstract

Urban climate is formed as a consequence of impacts from various levels of climates ranging from the local and regional to the global levels. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the urban climate in twenty-two major cities in Indonesia and their relationships with regional climate variability such as monsoons and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) based on a newly established climate classification (zones 1-4) for passive cooling potential in building design. Daily precipitation, average air temperature at 2 m and relative humidity records were analysed by applying lag correlation analysis and the improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (ICEEMDAN) method to examine the monthly, seasonal, annual and interannual variabilities and the relationships with the Asian-Australian Monsoon and the Indo-Pacific Ocean SST anomaly. The lag-correlation analysis clearly showed that seasonal variability in the climates of 22 major cities was associated with monsoonal and remote SSTs, which varied from a lead lag of 0 to approximately 180 days, and the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.1<r≤0.7 depending on climate variables considered. The ICEEMDAN analysis divides 22 major cities into three distinct regions, viz. Monsoon-influenced region, SSTinfluenced region, and monsoon-SST-influenced region (combination).