Untitled

Wagner, Holger; Baake, Ellen; Gerisch, T.

doi:10.1023/a:1023048711599

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…,S L ␣ ) in genotype space S. This representation is frequently used; see, e.g., Refs. ͓10,11,13,19,32͔. Here S i ␣ may take the values Ϯ1, i.e., S ␣ denotes one of the corners of the L-dimensional hypercube ͑in the present paper we use Lϭ20).…”

Section: A Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-dependent extinction rate and species abundance in a tangled-nature model of biological evolution

et al. 2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present a model of evolutionary ecology consisting of a web of interacting individuals, a tangle-nature model. The reproduction rate of individuals characterized by their genome depends on the composition of the population in genotype space. Ecological features such as the taxonomy and the macroevolutionary mode of the dynamics are emergent properties. The macrodynamics exhibit intermittent two-mode switching with a gradually decreasing extinction rate. The generated ecologies become gradually better adapted as well as more complex in a collective sense. The form of the species abundance curve compares well with observed functional forms. The model's error threshold can be understood in terms of the characteristics of the two dynamical modes of the system.

show abstract

Section: A Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-dependent extinction rate and species abundance in a tangled-nature model of biological evolution

et al. 2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, it must be said that not all landscapes do present an error threshold. In particular, multiplicative landscapes [46][47][48] show a smooth crossover from the completely ordered situation at R = 0, where the master sequence is the only sequence present, to R = 1 2 , where all molecules take on the same concentration. Moreover, the decay of the master sequence's concentration depends only on the mutation rate and the selective advantage, but not on the length of the strings.…”

Section: Static Landscapesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic fitness landscapes in molecular evolution

2001

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We study self-replicating molecules under externally varying conditions. Changing conditions such as temperature variations and/or alterations in the environment's resource composition lead to both non-constant replication and decay rates of the molecules. In general, therefore, molecular evolution takes place in a dynamic rather than a static fitness landscape. We incorporate dynamic replication and decay rates into the standard quasispecies theory of molecular evolution, and show that for periodic time-dependencies, a system of evolving molecules enters a limit cycle for t → ∞. For fast periodic changes, we show that molecules adapt to the timeaveraged fitness landscape, whereas for slow changes they track the variations in the landscape arbitrarily closely. We derive a general approximation method that allows us to calculate the attractor of time-periodic landscapes, and demonstrate using several examples that the results of the approximation and the limiting cases of very slow and very fast changes are in perfect agreement. We also discuss landscapes with arbitrary time dependencies, and show that very fast changes again lead to a system that adapts to the time-averaged landscape. Finally, we analyze the dynamics of a finite population of molecules in a dynamic landscape, and discuss its relation to the infinite population limit.

show abstract

“…Again in the words of Wagner: 'Harmonization would eliminate a considerable part of the transaction costs (…) and thus benefit society as a whole by abolishing a tax on international businesses.' 49 which creates additional costs for the actor. Uniform law does not necessarily remove these costs, in as far as it is not applied and/or interpreted uniformly; • Information costs: actors need to determine the law which applies in every jurisdiction in which they are active.…”

Section: Decrease Transaction Costs and Profit From Scale Economiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Law and Economics View on Harmonization of Procedural Law

Visscher

2010

SSRN Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Even though there exists an extensive Law and Economics literature on the topics of procedural law and harmonization of law, very little has been written on harmonization of procedural law as such. In this paper I first provide a brief overview of the economic approach to legal intervention, private enforcement and procedural law. Subsequently, I discuss the economics of harmonization of (substantive) private law. The traditional legal arguments in favor of harmonization (differences in legal rules between countries result in legal uncertainty and increased costs and therefore hinder cross-border trade, and harmonization would create a level playing field) turn out to be unconvincing. The economic analysis of law provides several arguments against harmonization (regulatory competition enables satisfying a larger number of preferences, it enables learning effects, (centralized) legislators suffer from limited information and the possible influence of interest groups should be taken into account) and in favor of it (the need to internalize interstate externalities, the desire to avoid a race to the bottom, decreasing transaction costs and profiting from economies of scale). These arguments have to be weighed in order to reach a conclusion on the desirability of harmonization Such a weighing shows that there is, at best, a limited scope for harmonization of procedural law (and then only as an additional option). Harmonization would remove the possible learning effects and does not allow satisfying a larger number of preferences. The possible arguments in favor of harmonization of procedural law seem week, especially now procedural law is closely connected to the underlying substantive law. The only potentially strong argument is the reduction of transaction costs. It is ultimately an empirical matter if this argument outweighs the arguments against harmonization. The 2008 Oxford Civil Justice Survey in my view suggests that this is not the case.

show abstract

Untitled

Cited by 39 publications

References 40 publications

Time-dependent extinction rate and species abundance in a tangled-nature model of biological evolution

Time-dependent extinction rate and species abundance in a tangled-nature model of biological evolution

Dynamic fitness landscapes in molecular evolution

A Law and Economics View on Harmonization of Procedural Law

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About