“…While the original idea is relatively straightforward (Chantler et al, 1999), and developed earlier ideas of Barnea, Creagh and others (Mica et al, 1985), the detailed implementation has yielded an extraordinary richness of physical insight and technical development, giving rise recently to two new fields: of nanoroughness measurement and inelastic mean-freepath measurement . While the original idea is relatively straightforward (Chantler et al, 1999), and developed earlier ideas of Barnea, Creagh and others (Mica et al, 1985), the detailed implementation has yielded an extraordinary richness of physical insight and technical development, giving rise recently to two new fields: of nanoroughness measurement and inelastic mean-freepath measurement .…”