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Opportunities and Challenges in Studies of Host-Pathogen Interactions and Management of Verticillium dahliae in Tomatoes

“…The disease cycle starts with microsclerotia (MS), a resting structure in soil or crop debris that is capable of surviving without a plant host for more than a decade [8,9]. Disease severity is linked to MS density (MS/g soil), which can be quantified using several techniques [10][11][12][13][14], but the methods have not been refined for routine use in commercial labs to reliably guide disease management decisions. Inoculum density as low as 0.1 microsclerotia (MS)/g of soil is sufficient to infect tomato plants, but even levels of 9 MS/g in the soil do not always yield visible symptoms [15].…”

Alternative Molecular-Based Diagnostic Methods of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Affecting Berry Crops—A Review

“…Some of the species of the genus may easily be distinguished by the shape of their microsclerotia and the length of the conidia they form on hosts and potato dextrose agar (PDA) [16]. Hyaline colonies formed on agar plates are whitish, turning darker with time (Figure 1), and they produce bountiful conidia [17,18,19,20]. The fungus degrades the cell walls of the host with several enzymes, which causes necrosis and other symptoms [21].…”

A Review of Indicators of Healthy Agricultural Soils with Pea Footrot Disease Suppression Potentials

“…The inoculum load within or near fields of host plants is critical in plant disease epidemics (Cullen et al, 2001(Cullen et al, , 2002Goud & Termorshuizen, 2003). Generally, increasing the amount of inoculum load enhances disease severity and reduces the time required for maximal disease development (Bhatti & Kraft, 1992;Etebu & Osborn, 2010, 2011bNavas-Cortés et al, 2000;Rush & Kraft 1986;Sugha et al, 1994).…”

“…As a result, different workers called for the development of molecular quantification assays as a prerequisite for determining the soil inoculum threshold levels necessary for disease development in a host-pathogen relationship (Cullen et al, 2001(Cullen et al, , 2002. Goud and Termorshuizen (2003) attempted to quantify N. haematococca in soil, using molecular approaches targeting ITS regions. Unfortunately, like culture-dependent assays, molecular assays targeting the ITS region was equally unsuitable because it was also not able to discriminate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic forms (Suga et al, 2000).…”