“…In seawater, these materials quickly develop a well-adherent biofilm over the surface which generally presents a heterogeneous composition ( Geesey et al, 1986 ; Zuo, 2007 ; Zhang et al, 2019a ). Under the biofilms the presence of reduced pH, organic acids, sulfide, and acidic polysaccharides can compromise the protective passive layer causing severe corrosion ( Wagner and Chamberlain, 1997 ). Geochemical factors of the marine environment such as pH ( Ponsonnet et al, 2008 ), nutrients ( Sheng et al, 2008 ), salinity ( Briand et al, 2017 ), and temperature ( Witt et al, 2012 ) are essential in defining microbial surface colonization.…”