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Abstract

In Malaysia, the aquaculture business has grown at an average annual rate of 10% over the last five years, following a notable pattern that started in the 1920s. This advancement has been crucial in restructuring the nation's food security position (Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2021). Malaysia's fishing industry, which adds about 0.2% to the country's GDP, has experienced significant enhancements in farming techniques, variety, and financial effects. The nation has adopted numerous farming techniques for local and global markets, including marine, briny, and freshwater cultures. According to Dauda et al. (2018) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (2021), Malaysia exports several items, including tiger prawns, molluscs, and marine fish. The government's prioritisation of aquaculture as a critical component in eliminating poverty in coastal regions has resulted in significant expenditures in research and development, therefore assuring long-term and environmentally friendly expansion (Poon et al., 2016;Mat et al., 2018). Nevertheless, aquaculture is faced with obstacles related to environmental concerns, including land use changes and wastewater control. The government's proposal to designate an extra 40,000 hectares for aquaculture by 2040 underscores the importance of balancing freshwater requirements and wastewater control. The growth of the aquaculture industry relies on the responsible utilisation of resources (