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Spitzer, Brenda L.; Henderson, Katherine A.; Zivian, Marilyn T.

doi:10.1023/a:1018836029738

Cited by 293 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This ideal body type is characterized by a well-defined upper torso with muscular arms, pectorals, and shoulders, combined with a slim waist, hips, and buttocks (Morrison et al, 2003;McCreary & Sasse, 2000;Pope, Olivarida, Gruber, & Borowiecki, 1999;Spitzer, Henderson, & Zivian, 1999;Ridgeway & Tylka, 2005). Furthermore, this muscular build conforms to cultural ideals and social conceptions of appropriate expressions of masculinity (e.g., Connell, 1987).…”

Section: Muscularity In American Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, this muscular build conforms to cultural ideals and social conceptions of appropriate expressions of masculinity (e.g., Connell, 1987). Over the past few decades, these standards of masculinity have been reflected in American mass media trends, with the ideal masculine presentation involving increased muscularity (Spitzer et al, 1999). Male action figures (e.g., GI Joe) have become more muscular with unattainable physiques (Pope et al, 1999), and there has been an increase in the use of muscular men's bodies in advertisements for products unrelated to the body (Pope, Olivarida, Borowiecki, & Cohane, 2001).…”

Section: Muscularity In American Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Muscularity Beliefs of Female College Student-Athletes

et al. 2011

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Female athletes in the United States face the paradoxical challenge of acquiring a degree of muscularity to be successful in their sport, yet they also endure pressure from societal expectations of femininity that often don't conform with the notion of muscularity. To address research questions about how female student-athletes balance muscularity and femininity, we conducted a mixed-methods study to examine muscularity beliefs among female student-athletes, female college students, and male college student-athletes. We quantitatively examined Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) scores from 221 participants attending college in the Midwestern US.Results indicated that female student-athletes reported significantly higher DMS scores than female students, but male student-athletes reported the highest DMS scores in the sample.Qualitative results indicated that female student-athletes wanted to be muscular for these reasons: functionality (45%), health (42%), external gratification (21%), internal gratification (18%).

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Section: Muscularity In American Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Muscularity In American Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscularity Beliefs of Female College Student-Athletes

et al. 2011

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“…In Western culture, which broadly refers to first-world cultures such as the majority culture in the U.S., Australia, and most of Western Europe, considerable value is placed on physical appearance as a central determinant of social standing, desirability, and personal worth (Striegel-Moore et al 1986; Thompson et al 1999). For women, the ideal appearance is a very thin yet curvaceous, feminine body with flowing hair, a narrow waist, narrow hips, light-eyes, large breasts and long legs (Harrison 2003;Spitzer et al 1999). For men, the ideal physique is muscular, athletic, fit, and tall with broad shoulders (Pope et al 2000).…”

Section: Gender Eating Pathology and Mainstream Western Media Amongmentioning

confidence: 99%

Media Internalization and Social Comparison as Predictors of Eating Pathology Among Latino Adolescents: The Moderating Effect of Gender and Generational Status

2010

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Using a sociocultural framework, this crosssectional study examined eating pathology among 235 Latino adolescents from the Southwestern U.S. who differed in generational status. Participants completed self-report measures of media pressures, internalization, social comparison, and eating pathology. Overall, results revealed stronger relationships between these sociocultural variables and eating pathology for girls. Girls reported greater social comparison, thin-ideal pressure and internalization, and eating pathology than boys. Generational status was positively correlated with these sociocultural variables and eating pathology for girls only. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses indicated that athletic-ideal internalization was a key predictor of eating pathology for girls but not boys. Discussion highlights gender, more than generational status, as critical to a sociocultural framework for eating pathology among adolescent Latino Americans.

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“…Through film, advertisements, television shows, music videos, and magazines, the ideal woman in Western cultures (e.g., in mainstream USA, Australia, Western Europe) is depicted as thin, young, tall, and fit with long hair, a thin waist and fair skin [3,4]. For example, Spitzer, Henderson and Zivian [4] found that nearly all Playboy and Miss America pageant contestants from 1977 to 1996 were underweight, with 17-33% meeting diagnostic weight criteria for anorexia nervosa. In a similar study, Voracek and Fisher [5] found that Playboy centerfold models’ bust size, hip size, and waist-to-hip ratio decreased significantly from 1950’s to the 1990’s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Score reliability and factor similarity of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among four ethnic groups

2013

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BackgroundThis study evaluated the score reliability and equivalence of factor structure of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) [1] in a sample of female college students from the four largest ethnic groups in the USA.MethodsParticipants were 1245 women who self-identified as European American/White (n = 543), African American/Black (n = 137), Asian American (n = 317), or Latina/Hispanic (n = 248). All completed the SATAQ-3 and a demographic questionnaire. To test the factor similarity and score reliability across groups, we used exploratory factor analysis and calculated Cronbach’s alphas (respectively).ResultsScore reliability was high for all groups. Tests of factor equivalence suggested that the four pre-established factors of the SATAQ-3 (i.e., knowledge, perceived pressure, thin-ideal internalization, athletic-ideal internalization) were similar for women of all ethnic groups. Only two items (20 and 27) did not consistently load on the previously identified scale across all four groups. When scored, African Americans reported significantly less perceived pressure and internalization than all other groups.ConclusionsResults support the use of the SATAQ-3 in female college students of these four ethnicities.

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Untitled

Cited by 293 publications

References 54 publications

Muscularity Beliefs of Female College Student-Athletes

Muscularity Beliefs of Female College Student-Athletes

Media Internalization and Social Comparison as Predictors of Eating Pathology Among Latino Adolescents: The Moderating Effect of Gender and Generational Status

Score reliability and factor similarity of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among four ethnic groups

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