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Nel, Louis Hendrik; Jacobs, Jeanette; Jaftha, Julian Bernard; Meredith, C D

doi:10.1023/a:1007979502754

Cited by 48 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Although Africa-1 and Africa-2 lineages have been documented in several domestic and wild carnivore species, domestic dogs are virtually the only population essential for maintaining canid variants in some parts of Africa [ 47 ]. Conversely, wild canids have been suggested to contribute to the sustainment of canine rabies cycles in specific geographic locations in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe [ 32 , 48 – 50 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relatedness of dog-derived Rabies Viruses circulating in Cameroon between 2010 and 2016

et al. 2017

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Rabies is enzootic among dog populations in some parts of Cameroon and the risk of human rabies is thought to be steadily high in these regions. However, the molecular epidemiology of circulating Rabies Virus (RABV) has been hardly considered in Cameroon as well as in most neighboring central African countries. To address this fundamental gap, 76 nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences of dog-derived RABV were obtained from 100 brain specimens sampled in Cameroon from 2010 to 2016. Studied sequences were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses with reference strains retrieved from databases. The 71 studied Africa-1 isolates displayed 93.5–100% nucleotide (nt) and 98.3–100% amino-acid (aa) identities to each other while, the 5 studied Africa-2 isolates shared 99.4–99.7% sequence similarities at nt and aa levels. Maximum Likelihood based phylogenies inferred from nucleotide sequences confirmed all studied RABV isolates as members of the dog-related species 1 of the Lyssavirus genus. Individual isolates could be unambiguously assigned as either the Africa-1 subclade of the Cosmopolitan clade or the Africa 2 clade. The Africa-1 subclade appeared to be more prevalent and diversified. Indeed, 70 studied isolates segregated into 3 distinct circulating variants within Africa-1a lineage while a unique isolate was strikingly related to the Africa-1b lineage known to be prevalent in the neighboring Central African Republic and eastern Africa. Interestingly, all five Africa-2 isolates fell into the group-E lineage even though they appeared to be loosely related to databases available reference RABV; including those previously documented in Cameroon. This study uncovered the co-circulation of several Africa-1 and Africa-2 lineages in the southern regions of Cameroon. Striking phylogenetic outcasts to the geographic differentiation of RABV variants indicated that importation from close regions or neighboring countries apparently contributes to the sustainment of the enzootic cycle of domestic rabies in Cameroon.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relatedness of dog-derived Rabies Viruses circulating in Cameroon between 2010 and 2016

et al. 2017

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“…These civet sequences are further divided into two subclades, one with dates of origin ranging from 1981 to 2009 and locations including RSA and Zimbabwe, the other restricted to three sequences from Zimbabwe in the early 1990s. These inferred evolutionary relationships raise the possibility of maintenance of RABV within civet populations for up to 50 years, with recent spill-over into other wild canids and dogs [41]. The tree topology not only indicates that the African civets have been exposed to dog-maintained RABVs for as long as the dog variant has been maintained in this species in this region, but also that this long term exposure could have led to the establishment of originally dog-maintained RABV in African civet populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In Zimbabwe, the African civet is not considered a major host for RABV (it only accounts for about 1.5% of all confirmed wildlife cases), and the epidemiology suggests that most of these cases are detected during epidemics of jackal rabies. Initial monoclonal antibody typing studies of African civet viruses [18,41,45] showed that they were indistinguishable from jackal viruses (Africa 1, canid rabies biotype), but more recent data supported the notion that African civet populations may be capable of supporting the maintenance of enzootic mongoose rabies [17]. Although Haydon 2012 discussed and highlighted the challenges of identifying reservoirs of RABV infection, Lembo et al (2008) [46] demonstrated that persistence of infection in a population is a prerequisite for identifying reservoirs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies in the African Civet: An Incidental Host for Lyssaviruses?

Sabeta

Marston

McElhinney

et al. 2020

Viruses

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In South Africa, canid rabies virus (RABV) infection is maintained in domestic and wildlife species. The identification of rabies in African civets raised the question of whether this wildlife carnivore is a potential reservoir host of RABVs of direct and ancestral dog origin (dog-maintained and dog-derived origins) with an independent cycle of transmission. Genetic analyses of African civet nucleoprotein sequences for 23 African civet RABVs and historically published sequences demonstrated that RABVs from African civets have two origins related to dog and mongoose rabies enzootics. The data support observations of the interaction of civets with domestic dogs and wildlife mongooses, mostly in Northern South Africa and North-East Zimbabwe. Within each host species clade, African civet RABVs group exclusively together, implying intra-species virus transfer occurs readily. The canid RABV clade appears to support virus transfer more readily between hosts than mongoose RABVs. Furthermore, these data probably indicate short transmission chains with conspecifics that may be related to transient rabies maintenance in African civets. Hence, it is important to continue monitoring the emergence of lyssaviruses in this host. Observations from this study are supported by ongoing and independent similar cases, in which bat-eared foxes and black-backed jackal species maintain independent rabies cycles of what were once dog-maintained RABVs.

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“…Typical examples include the cases in Europe where rabies evolved from domestic dogs to raccoon dogs and foxes ( Bourhy et al, 1999 ), the emergence of fox rabies in Colombia and Brazil ( Bernardi et al, 2005 ; Paez et al, 2005 ; Carnieli et al, 2008 ), and wildlife rabies in the United States ( Guerra et al, 2003 ). Other spillover events of rabies from dogs to wildlife have been observed in southern Africa ( Nel et al, 1997 ; Sabeta et al, 2003 , 2007 ; Zulu et al, 2009 ), Puerto Rico ( Krebs et al, 2003 ; Nadin-Davis et al, 2008 ), and Turkey ( Johnson et al, 2003 ). Because wildlife RABV variants can also transmit to unvaccinated dogs, thus entering urban environments, as has been observed in former Yugoslavia ( Stankov, 2001 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity, Evolutionary Dynamics, and Pathogenicity of Ferret Badger Rabies Virus Variants in Mainland China, 2008–2018

Miao

Zhao

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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In contrast to dog-associated human rabies cases decline year by year due to the rabies vaccination coverage rates increase in China, ferret badger (FB, Melogale moschata)-associated human rabies cases emerged in the 1990s, and are now an increasingly recognized problem in southeast China. To investigate epidemiology, temporal evolution dynamics, transmission characterization, and pathogenicity of FB-associated rabies viruses (RABVs), from 2008 to 2018, we collected 3,622 FB brain samples in Jiangxi and Zhejiang Province, and detected 112 RABV isolates. Four FB-related lineages were identified by phylogenetic analysis (lineages A–D), the estimated Times to Most Recent Common Ancestor were 1941, 1990, 1937, and 1997 for lineages A–D, respectively. Furthermore, although no FB-associated human rabies case has been reported there apart from Wuyuan area, FB-RABV isolates are mainly distributed in Jiangxi Province. Pathogenicity of FB-RABVs was assessed using peripheral inoculation in mice and in beagles with masseter muscles, mortality-rates ranging from 20 to 100% in mice and 0 to 20% in beagles in the groups infected with the various isolates. Screening of sera from humans with FB bites and no post-exposure prophylaxis to rabies revealed that five of nine were positive for neutralizing antibodies of RABV. All the results above indicated that FB-RABV variants caused a lesser pathogenicity in mice, beagles, and even humans. Vaccination in mice suggests that inactivated vaccine or recombinant subunit vaccine products can be used to control FB-associated rabies, however, oral vaccines for stray dogs and wildlife need to be developed and licensed in China urgently.

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Cited by 48 publications

References 5 publications

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relatedness of dog-derived Rabies Viruses circulating in Cameroon between 2010 and 2016

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relatedness of dog-derived Rabies Viruses circulating in Cameroon between 2010 and 2016

Rabies in the African Civet: An Incidental Host for Lyssaviruses?

Genetic Diversity, Evolutionary Dynamics, and Pathogenicity of Ferret Badger Rabies Virus Variants in Mainland China, 2008–2018

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