Sillenite-type members of the bismuth ferrite family
have demonstrated
outstanding potential as novel photocatalysts in environmental remediation
such as organic pollutant degradation. This investigation has developed
a low temperature one-step hydrothermal technique to fabricate sillenite
bismuth ferrite Bi
25
FeO
40
(S-BFO) via co-substitution
of 10% Gd and 10% Cr in Bi and Fe sites of BiFeO
3
, respectively,
by tuning hydrothermal reaction temperatures. Rietveld refined X-ray
diffraction patterns of the as-synthesized powder materials revealed
the formation of S-BFO at a reaction temperature of 120–160
°C. A further increase in the reaction temperature destroyed
the desired sillenite structure. With the increase in the reaction
temperature from 120 to 160 °C, the morphology of S-BFO gradually
changed from irregular shape to spherical powder nanomaterials. The
high-resolution TEM imaging demonstrated the polycrystalline nature
of the S-BFO(160) nanopowders synthesized at 160 °C. The as-synthesized
samples exhibited considerably high absorbance in the visible region
of the solar spectrum, with the lowest band gap of 1.76 eV for the
sample S-BFO(160). Interestingly, S-BFO(160) exhibited the highest
photocatalytic performance under solar irradiation, toward the degradation
of rhodamine B and methylene blue dyes owing to homogeneous phase
distribution, regular powder-like morphology, lowest band gap, and
quenching of electron–hole pair recombination. The photodegradation
of a colorless organic pollutant (ciprofloxacin) was also examined
to ensure that the degradation is photocatalytic and not dye-sensitized.
In summary, Gd and Cr co-doping have proven to be a compelling energy-saving
and low-cost approach for the formulation of sillenite-phase bismuth
ferrite with promising photocatalytic activity.