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Borkovec, Thomas D.; Ray, William J.; Stöber, Joachim

doi:10.1023/a:1018790003416

Cited by 670 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…[10]) suggests that the core symptom of GAD, uncontrollable worry, allows patients to cognitively avoid otherwise emotionally disturbing issues and perceived dangers. From this point of view, worry is a predominantly cognitive-verbal activity that inhibits full emotional processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worry Exposure versus Applied Relaxation in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Hoyer

Beesdo

Gloster

et al. 2009

Psychother Psychosom

130

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Background: Worry exposure (WE) is a core element of cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Its efficacy as a stand-alone treatment method (without further cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions) has never been tested.We aimed to examine whether WE alone is as efficacious as the empirically supported stand-alone treatment for GAD, applied relaxation (AR). Methods: In a randomized controlled study, 73 outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for GAD as primary diagnosis were allocated to either WE or AR or a waiting list control group; in a 2nd randomization procedure the waiting list subjects were reallocated to WE or AR. The treatment was manualized (15 sessions with WE or AR), included 6-month and 1-year follow-ups, as well as last observation carried forward and completer analyses, and was controlled for allegiance effects.The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Scale were used as primary outcome measures. Self-report scales of anxiety, worrying and depression including negative metacognition about worrying and thought suppression served as secondary outcome measures. Results: The dropout rate was moderate. The pre-/posttreatment effects were high for the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (standardized mean difference >1) and for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (standardized mean difference >0.87). The proportion of patients reaching high end state functioning was 48% (WE) and 56% (AR). WE and AR did not differ with regard to dropout rate or treatment effects. The treatment effects were stable at 6 month and 1 year follow-up. Conclusion: This is the first study to show that a stand-alone exposure in sensu technique – WE – is efficacious in the treatment of GAD. Both AR and WE seem to represent effective principles of change in GAD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worry Exposure versus Applied Relaxation in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Hoyer

Beesdo

Gloster

et al. 2009

Psychother Psychosom

130

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“…By using a mental imagery paradigm, Schienle et al [34] found that after viewing images eliciting emotions of disgust female participants scoring high on disgust sensitivity displayed lower activation in the amygdalae. These authors suggest that this reduced response pattern reflects cognitive avoidance, which helps to control somatic arousal (see also [6]). Avoidance strategies to regulate emotional stress responses, while viewing aversive stimuli, have been reported in particular in 'anxious' subjects [33].…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Passively viewing negatively valenced baby faces attenuates left amygdala activity in healthy females scoring high on ‘Harm Avoidance’

Baeken

Schuerbeek²,

Raedt

et al. 2010

Neuroscience Letters

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The amygdalae play an important role in the evaluation and processing of emotionally salient visual stimuli. However, individual differences in personality traits, such as Harm Avoidance (HA), have been reported to influence emotional amygdalae responses. To trigger strong approach and withdrawal-related emotions in 'never depressed' young female subjects under fMRI, we presented them with blocks of happy 'healthy' baby faces and baby faces disfigured by severe dermatological conditions and we integrated the temperament dimension HA into our analysis. No other instructions were given than to watch the images attentively. Only in withdrawal-related emotional experience, we observed a negative correlation between HA and left amygdala activity, suggesting that during passive viewing females scoring higher on HA 'avoid' images with highly aversive content. When investigating the amygdala's emotional role in passive viewing paradigms, personality features such as HA should be taken into account.Keywords: Approach and withdrawal-related emotions, Amygdala, fMRI, Healthy Females, Harm Avoidance 3 A number of studies, using a variety of task instructions, have investigated the role of the amygdalae in the evaluation of social cues and the processing of emotional stimuli such as 'emotional' facial expressions and gender, age, and differences in personality features have been reported to influence amygdala activity [1,40]. When introducing individual information such as personality characteristics as covariate in the analysis of 'emotional' fMRI paradigms in healthy individuals, predominantly left sided amygdala activation has been reported [11]. Increased (left-sided) amygdala activation has also been reported in 'anxiety-prone' individuals (non-clinical subjects displaying high levels of anxiety-related traits) during the processing of emotion [5]. In addition, 'emotional' brain imaging research has already demonstrated the importance of the temperament dimension Harm Avoidance (HA) [29], extracted out of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI [12]). High scorers on HA show a tendency to respond more intensely to aversive stimuli compared to low HA scorers [24]. Subjects who score high on HA describe themselves as fearful, pessimistic, shy, and fatigued, and they have a tendency to respond intensely to signals of aversive stimuli, whereas those scoring low on HA characterize themselves as optimistic and outgoing risk-takers [12]. Amygdala 'hyperactivity' in affective disorders is commonly found and in depressed patients increases in amygdala activity have been reported to be lateralized to the left [14] (however, see [37]).Paying special attention to the salient nature of the mood inducing stimuli, in this study we reinvestigate the hypothesis that individual scores on the temperament dimension HA might influence the observation of predominantly left-sided amygdala processing. We have used an adapted paradigm with baby faces as visual 'emotional' stimuli to induce approach and withdrawal-related emotions. We 4 inc...

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“…In particular, considering previous work on the role of visual images 1 It should be noted that EmoFT is conceived here as a broad phenomenon that include any type of future-oriented thought that is accompanied by an emotion. Therefore, this notion could potentially include more specific types of future-oriented thoughts that have been previously described in the literature, such as worries (which predominantly involve verbal thoughts about negative events that we are afraid might happen in the future; Borkovec, Ray, & Stober, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Frequency, characteristics, and perceived functions of emotional future thinking in daily life

Barsics

Linden

D’Argembeau

2016

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

123

112

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While many thoughts and mental images that people form about their personal future refer to emotionally significant events, there is still little empirical data on the frequency and nature of emotional future-oriented thoughts (EmoFTs) that occur in natural settings. In the present study, participants recorded EmoFTs occurring in daily life and rated their characteristics, emotional properties, and perceived functions. The results showed that EmoFTs are frequent, occur in various contexts, and are perceived to fulfill important functions, mostly related to goal pursuit and emotion regulation. When distinguishing between anticipatory and anticipated emotions (i.e., emotions experienced in the present versus emotions expected to occur in the future), a positivity bias in the frequency of EmoFTs was found to be restricted to

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Cited by 670 publications

References 51 publications

Worry Exposure versus Applied Relaxation in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Worry Exposure versus Applied Relaxation in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Passively viewing negatively valenced baby faces attenuates left amygdala activity in healthy females scoring high on ‘Harm Avoidance’

Frequency, characteristics, and perceived functions of emotional future thinking in daily life

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