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Relationship commitment and its implications for unprotected sex among impoverished women living in shelters and low-income housing in Los Angeles County.

“…The length of women’s relationships with primary and casual partners was measured in terms of number of months. In addition, women completed a four-item relationship commitment scale developed by Castañeda (2000) with reference to casual and primary partners. Sample items are “I am extremely committed to my relationship with my partner” and “Generally speaking, I have invested a great deal in my relationship” (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree ; α = .70 for primary partners, and α = .83 for casual partners).…”

“…Other studies similarly have found that women are less likely to use condoms with longer term or steady partners compared with casual partners (Marin, Tschann, Gomez, & Gregorich, 1998; St. Lawrence et al, 1998; Tortu, McMahon, Hamid, & Neaigus, 2000; Wingood & DiClemente, 1998), although at least one study of high-risk women has found that relationship commitment is a stronger predictor of condom use than length of time with a partner (Castañeda, 2000).…”

Women, sex, and HIV: Social and contextual factors, meta-analysis of published interventions, and implications for practice and research.

“…However, they also noted that empirical support for the majority of the models is limited, offering the following critique of reviewed models: None of the models consider the dyadic nature of sexual behavior; the models are based on assumptions that individuals act rationally and within a cost-benefit analysis framework; and the models assume that freedom of choice for particular behaviors is available for all individuals at all times. More specifically, the majority of existing models of behavioral risk reductions used to understand risk behaviors do not consider the range of important contextual and social factors that influence women's sexual behavior (Amaro, 1995;Amaro & Raj, 2000;Bajos & Marquet, 2000;Castaneda, 2000;Miller & Neaigus, 2001). In other words, behavior change cannot occur without individual-level psychological factors such as self-efficacy; however, all behavior occurs within a host of social and contextual factors.…”

“…Behavior change-especially sexual behavior change for women-is hindered without consideration of all of these factors. Furthermore, there has been a paucity of work on adapting current theoretical models or developing new theoretical models to incorporate women's psychological needs and development (Amaro, 1995;Castaneda, 2000;Miller & Neaigus, 2001).…”

Le système éducatif cubain depuis la crise des années 1990

“…Le fondement démocratique du projet éducatif a été préservé, à savoir la gratuité d'accès. Cela ne signifie évidemment pas que le fonctionnement du secteur éducatif n'a pas été touché 8 . Pendant la crise, les problèmes de transports liés au manque de combustibles ont gêné la mobilité des étudiants.…”