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Etiology of Pneumoparotid: A Systematic Review

“…Furthermore, decreased salivary secretion may also be a predisposing factor. Three patients [108,113,126] had Sjögren syndrome, and two had xerostomia [15,96] in this review.…”

“…One patient reportedly self-injured the duct with pins [16]. The reasons for patients' self-induced pneumoparotid were conflicts with parents [7,96], as an excuse for not going to school [11,40,48,96], an adjustment reaction to adolescence [12,17,21], to gain attention [69], mental disorders [16,39,56,96], to escape duty [67,131], and to leave prison [111]. Causative wind instruments, including toy instruments, were trumpets [5,13,54], flutes [66,76], a clarinet [13], a horn [15], a tuba [74], a recorder [77], fanfare [64], and a paper trumpet [104].…”

“…Causative wind instruments, including toy instruments, were trumpets [5,13,54], flutes [66,76], a clarinet [13], a horn [15], a tuba [74], a recorder [77], fanfare [64], and a paper trumpet [104]. Diseases inducing pneumoparotid included coughing attacks [18,38,51,96], nervous tic [6,32,55], obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [42,125], sneezing crisis [10], mental disorder [17], clearing nares during hay fever attack [20], head and maxillofacial trauma [46], and vomiting [100]. Iatrogenic causes were dental air syringe [28,29,92,117], continuous positive airway pressure [108], air powder prophylaxis unit [33], spirometry [50], general anesthesia [85], upper endoscopy [91], and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation [102].…”

“…Behavioral therapy, including explanation and instruction to refrain from abnormal habits, was provided to 44 (25.9%) patients (Table S1). Psychiatric treatment was required in 14 patients [11,12,15,17,39,40,48,56,57,67,68,73,96,120]. The surgical procedures included aspiration [1,26,39,46,66,104,110,121], parotidectomy [14,15,40,90], rerouting [4,24,25,61], incision [8,39], ductal ligation [58,71], cystectomy [59,112], and irrigation [95,115].…”

“…For example, a 15-year-old female with psychological problems developed pneumoparotitis due to self-instrumentation of the gland with hairpins and safety pins [16]. The reasons for patients with self-induced pneumoparotid included conflicts with parents [7,96], an excuse for not going to school [11,40,48,96], an adjustment reaction to adolescence [12,17,21], and to obtain attention [69]. Self-induced patients, for such reasons, were adolescents with psychological problems or mental disorders [16,39,56,96].…”