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Maxfield, Louise; Melnyk, William T.

doi:10.1023/a:1009580101287

Cited by 35 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…EMDR therapists are usually advised to focus on the processing of past events, which follows from the view that "incomplete processing and incomplete integration of memories of trauma and/or disturbing life experiences are a primary basis of psychopathology," and the core of the treatment involves activating components of these memories (http://emdr.nku.edu/docs/DefinitionofEMDR.pdf; accessed on March 6, 2011). For example, an earlier study examined the effect of single-session EMDR treatment of test anxiety, but primarily focused on earlier experiences with test anxiety (Maxfield & Melnyk, 2000). There is, nevertheless, no theoretical reason or empirical evidence that memories for past stressful events should be processed to reduce anxiety associated with future-oriented mental images.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choking under Pressure: Degrading Flashforwards Related to Performance Anxiety

Engelhard

Sijbrandij

Hout

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Psychopathology

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Intrusive vivid images of future catastrophe ("flashforwards") are important in social fears, like performance anxiety. Previous studies in healthy volunteers found that eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of negative mental images of past events and future-oriented events. This study tested whether eye movements reduce image vividness and emotionality in students with performance anxiety. Participants (N = 29) imagined two feared future events related to performance anxiety during six 24 s blocks per image: one image was accompanied by eye movements, the other was not. Image vividness and emotionality were assessed before and after these blocks. Relative to the eyes stationary condition, eye movements resulted in a significant decrease in image vividness, and a trend was observed for reduced emotionality. The findings add to earlier experimental findings on the benefits of dual-tasks during mental imagery, and suggest that eye movements and related procedures may be helpful in the treatment of performance anxiety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choking under Pressure: Degrading Flashforwards Related to Performance Anxiety

Engelhard

Sijbrandij

Hout

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Psychopathology

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“…Maxfield and Melnyk (2000) also found a single session of EMDR significantly reduced test anxiety symptoms in 17 test anxious students who received treatment either immediately or after posttest measures (the latter group were informed they were on a waiting list). Specifically, both immediate and delayed EMDR generated improved scores on the test anxiety inventory and the fear of negative evaluation scale (Maxfield & Melnyk, 2000).…”

Section: The Impact Of Significant Life Eventsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Preliminary Evidence for the Treatment of Performance Blocks in Sport: The Efficacy of EMDR With Graded Exposure

Bennett

Bickley²,

Vernon

et al. 2017

J EMDR Prac Res

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Sport psychologists are increasingly confronted with performance problems in sport where athletes suddenly lose the ability to execute automatic movements (Rotheram, Maynard, Thomas, Bawden, & Francis, 2012). Described as performance blocks (Bennett, Hays, Lindsay, Olusoga, & Maynard, 2015), these problems manifest as locked, stuck, and frozen movements and are underpinned by an aggressive anxiety component. This research used both qualitative and quantitative methods in a single case study design to investigate the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy with graded exposure as a treatment method. The participant was a 58-year-old professional male golfer who had been suffering a performance block for 11 years. Specifically, the participant was experiencing involuntary spasms, shaking, muscle tension, and jerking in the lower left forearm while executing a putting stroke. Physical symptoms were coupled with extreme anxiety, panic, and frustration. The study tested the hypothesis that reprocessing related significant life events and attending to dysfunctional emotional symptoms would eliminate the performance block and related symptoms and that the individual would regain his ability to execute the affected skill. Pre-, mid-, and postintervention performance success, using the Impact of Event scale, subjective units of distress (SUD; Wolpe, 1973), and kinematic testing revealed improvements in all associated symptoms in training and competition. These findings suggest that previous life experiences might be associated with the onset of performance blocks and that EMDR with graded exposure might offer an effective treatment method.

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“…Although sports anxiety, performance anxiety, and test anxiety can be considered forms of SAD, none of the controlled trials or case studies investigating EMDR's efficacy for these presentations involved participants with a formal diagnosis. Four RTCs were carried out to investigate EMDR's treatment of test anxiety, and all produced significant and rapid reductions in presenting symptoms (Cook-Vienot & Taylor, 2012;Enright, Baldo, & Wykes, 2000;Maxfield & Melnyk, 2000;Stevens & Florell, 1999). There appears to be solid and consistent evidence for EMDR's use for individuals with test anxiety.…”

Section: Social Anxiety Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of EMDR Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

Faretta¹,

Farra²

2019

J EMDR Prac Res

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Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for adults with anxiety disorders over a span of 20 years (1997–2017). Three RCTs focused on panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia (PDA); two studies targeted specific phobias, whereas the dependent variable of another RCT was “self-esteem,” considered as a mediator factor for anxiety disorders. In four RCTs, EMDR therapy demonstrated a positive effect on panic and phobic symptoms, whereas one RCT on PDA was partly negative and one study failed in improving self-esteem in patients with anxiety disorders. Considered as a whole, these preliminary data suggest EMDR therapy may be effective not only for PD but also for specific phobias. Further controlled studies are needed to corroborate these findings and also to systematically evaluate the efficacy of EMDR therapy for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, and agoraphobia. Because cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is presently considered a first-line treatment for anxiety disorders, controlled comparisons between EMDR therapy and CBT would be especially useful in future investigations of EMDR treatment of anxiety disorders.

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Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Choking under Pressure: Degrading Flashforwards Related to Performance Anxiety

Choking under Pressure: Degrading Flashforwards Related to Performance Anxiety

Preliminary Evidence for the Treatment of Performance Blocks in Sport: The Efficacy of EMDR With Graded Exposure

Efficacy of EMDR Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

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