“…Mitochondria play a fundamental role in cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, and ionic homeostasis as well as synthesis of heme, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotide. Not only is endogenous estrogen synthesized in the mitochondria by aromatase, but exogenously added estrogen is also mainly transported into this organelle (27,28). We and several other laboratories have recently reported the localization of ER in mitochondria in various cells, including rat primary neurons (15,18,29), rat primary cardiomyocytes (15), a murine hippocampal cell line (HT-22), neurons and glia in rat hippocampus (13,14), human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MCF-10F) (16,18), immortal human breast epithelial cells (18), human lens epithelial cell lines (nHLE and HLE-B3) (17,30), human osteosarcoma cells (SaOS-2) (31), hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) (31), and human sperm (32).…”