“…Research has demonstrated that coercive, harsh, and overcontrolling parenting during early childhood contributes to adjustment difficulties during elementary school, including CPs (e.g., Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000; McFadyen-Ketchum, Bates, Dodge, & Pettit, 1996; Shaw, Owens, Giovannelli, & Winslow, 2001). Of particular importance to our study are the results of the review by Shaw, Bell, and Gilliom (2000), who concluded that the quality of the caregiving environment at age 2 significantly predicted clinical-level elevations of CPs reported by caregivers and teachers 6 years later. This relationship might be more salient for children with more difficult to control behaviors (e.g., Shaw et al, 1994; Shaw et al, 1998).…”