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Double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation behaviour of continuously cooled SUS329J4L duplex stainless steel

“…When duplex stainless steel is slowly cooled from a near solution annealing temperature, sigma ( σ ) phase usually precipitates and results in loss of toughness and corrosion resistance [1–5]. In particular, even a small amount of σ phase, such as 2-3%, in duplex stainless steel can cause significant embrittlement at room temperature [1–3], which largely restricts the utilisation of the steel.…”

“…In particular, even a small amount of σ phase, such as 2-3%, in duplex stainless steel can cause significant embrittlement at room temperature [1–3], which largely restricts the utilisation of the steel. Therefore, it is important to know the amount of σ phase in steel [1 -13] and accordingly to determine the critical cooling rate during thermal treatments required for processing and fabrication [2,6,7]. For detecting σ phase precipitation in duplex stainless steel, there are several methods such as the metallographic examination, the impact test, and the ferric chloride test, which are conducted in accordance with ASTM A923 tending to determine the presence of detrimental intermetallic phase for mill products [14,15].…”