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Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements

“…In particular the s-block has on the side of lower Z values, along the noble gas 'backbone', the p-block with largely different properties, while on the side of higher Z values, there is a p-, d-or f-block on the inner, middle or outer part of the spiral, respectively, with smoothly varying property values, as sketched on the Abstract Fig. The valence s and p orbitals are energetically comparatively near (see below) so that the elements of conventional groups 1 and 2 and 12-18 form a joint sp block of elements, from the chemical point of view, with smoothly varying properties [58,[61][62][63][64]. The d and f blocks appear inserted in the heavier sp rows after group 3.…”