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Abstract

Over 60 species in Hymenoptera have been reported to possess a complementary sex determination (CSD) system. Under CSD, sex is determined by allelic complementation at one or several sex loci. But this mechanism is still uninvestigated in parasitoid wasp Trichogramma dendrolimi, one of the most important biocontrol agents widely used against Lepidopteran pests. We tested CSD in this species by conducting ten consecutive generations of inbreeding, to monitor both direct evidence (diploid male production) and indirect evidence (brood size, sex ratio, mortality). In total 475 males detected from this inbreeding regime, only one was determined as diploidy. The observed proportions of diploid male offspring significantly differed from expected values under CSD model involving up to ten independent loci, allowing us to safely reject CSD in T. dendrolimi.Meanwhile, the possibility of unviable diploid males was excluded by the absence of significant differences in brood size, offspring sex ratio and offspring mortality among different generations. Our study of sex determination in T. dendrolimi provides useful information for the mass rearing conditions in a biofactory and the quality improvement of this biocontrol agent. It also brings necessary background to further study of the sex determination in Trichogramma.PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27871v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | recAbstract 16 Over 60 species in Hymenoptera have been reported to possess a complementary sex 17 determination (CSD) system. Under CSD, sex is determined by allelic complementation at one 18 or several sex loci. But this mechanism is still uninvestigated in parasitoid wasp Trichogramma 19 dendrolimi, one of the most important biocontrol agents widely used against Lepidopteran pests. 20 We tested CSD in this species by conducting ten consecutive generations of inbreeding, to 21 monitor both direct evidence (diploid male production) and indirect evidence (brood size, sex 22 ratio, mortality). In total 475 males detected from this inbreeding regime, only one was 23 determined as diploidy. The observed proportions of diploid male offspring significantly differed 24 from expected values under CSD model involving up to ten independent loci, allowing us to 25 safely reject CSD in T. dendrolimi. Meanwhile, the possibility of unviable diploid males was 26 excluded by the absence of significant differences in brood size, offspring sex ratio and offspring 27 mortality among different generations. Our study of sex determination in T. dendrolimi provides 28 useful information for the mass rearing conditions in a biofactory and the quality improvement of 29 this biocontrol agent. It also brings necessary background to further study of the sex 30 determination in Trichogramma.PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27871v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec