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Abstract

This study examined the effects of fluid preservatives on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (d 13 C and d 15 N) and C/N ratios of freshwater animals. Brotia hainanensis snails, Caridina cantonensis and Macrobrachium hainanense shrimps, and Pseudogastromyzon myersi, Liniparhomaloptera disparis, and Ctenogobius duospilus fishes were collected from seven Hong Kong streams, so as to incorporate natural variations in isotopic signals among conspecifics. Samples were preserved with 10% formalin, 70% ethanol, or formalin-ethanol solution (fixation in formalin then storage in ethanol). We compared sample molar C/N, d 13 C, and d 15 N with frozen conspecifics after 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 d. Increases in C/N were evident in formalin-fixed shrimps and fish only, whereas DC/N attributable to ethanol and formalin-ethanol preservation was insignificant in all species. Chemical preservation generally caused d 13 C depletion in fishes and Dd 13 C significantly declined over time in formalin-ethanol-preserved L. disparis. Formalin-induced d 13 C shifts were observed in shrimps (C. cantonensis: -1.54‰; M. hainanense: -0.80‰) and snails (-0.25‰) and were relatively consistent when preservation was ≤ 60 d. The influence of formalin-ethanol on C/N and d 13 C was smaller than that of formalin for all species and more consistent than ethanol preservation. d 15 N of all species was unaffected (within ±1‰) by chemical preservation. Effects on isotopic signals were more predictable among fishes than shrimps or snails. Corrections of +1.11‰ and +1.24‰ should be applied to d 13 C of fishes preserved with formalin and formalin-ethanol (respectively) during trophic analysis. We recommend using formalin-ethanol for macroinvertebrates to limit isotopic shifts, especially those preserved for > 60 d.