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Abstract

NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) show its effect by preventing prostaglandin synthesis, which reasons ulcer complications and mucosal damage all over the gastrointestinal tract. The world"s most accepted drug was aspirin for treatment of pain and inflammation without knowing that it has the ability to inhibit prostaglandin production by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme for the treatment of pain and inflammation, until the late 1970s. The discovery of cyclo-oxygenase isoenzyme (COX-1 and COX-2), and their distinct function leads to the development of COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhibitors without any gastrointestinal toxicity. Initial intimations of the second form of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), which has different sensitivity for other drugs like aspirin, finally accompanied in a stimulating period of cyclooxygenase inhibitor discovery, concluding in the overview of an absolutely new generation of antiinflammatory drugs. The aim of this paper is to review the development of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. This paper also reviews that, what are the importance and history of natural products in the treatment of inflammation as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor. INTRODUCTION: Responsive phase of hyperemia and exudation of blood vessels consequences into inflammation, which leads swelling, consequent redness, heat, and pain in the tissue due to bacterial attack and many more causes like chemical hazards or physical injury 1. Inflammation is a tissue reaction by the body against damage, which comprises a multifaceted display of enzyme initiation, arbitrator issue, cell immigration, extravasations of fluid, repair, and breakdown of tissue 2 .

Comprehensive insights into rheumatoid arthritis: Pathophysiology, current therapies and herbal alternatives for effective disease management

“…Cartilage destruction and bone resorption take place because of the generation of osteoclasts and chondrocytes. Under normal conditions, chondrocytes secrete and maintain the components of the cartilaginous layer (Prathap Kumar et al, 2020). This causes parts of the cartilage to wear away and the bone to be exposed, causing friction, and aggravating the pain and inflammation.…”

“…Some NSAIDs are COX-2 selective inhibitors, while others work by non-specifically inhibiting both COX enzymes (Liu et al, 2005). Therefore, it is logically inferred that general NSAIDs perform their expected anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting COX-2, and the undesirable side effects arise due prevention of COX-1 activity (Kumar Vishwakarma & Negi, 2020).…”

Synthesis and anti‐inflammatory activity of novel firocoxib analogues with balanced COX inhibition

“…The inhibition of COX-1 has been observed in the digestive tract and nervous system, as reported in multiple clinical studies (Morita, 2002;Pannunzio & Coluccia, 2018;Rocchi et al, 2023;Vishwakarma & Negi, 2020). Therefore, developing highly selective COX-2 inhibitors is considered a promising approach for clinical drug design.…”