MPROVEMENT IN THE TREATMENT AND prognosisofmanyformsofcancerhas resultedinincreasingnumbersofcancer survivors. 1 The prevalence of cancer survivors is expected to increase in most countries because of an aging population and continued improvements in early detection and treatment of cancer. Therefore, it is important to understand theadverselong-termeffectsofcancersurvivorship on medical, psychological, and social outcomes. 2 A significant proportion of cancer survivors experience physical, emotional, and social problems such as fatigue, pain, cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression, all of which may become chronic. 3 These long-term medical and psychological effects of cancer or its treatment may cause impairments that diminish social functioning including the obtainment or retention of employment. 4,5 Almost half of all cancer survivors are younger than 65 years. Thus, many cancer survivors are at an age at which cancer and its treatment could alter their employment opportunities. 6,7 Many cancer survivors want and are able to return to work after diagnosis and treatment. 8 Patients often regard returning to work as indicative of complete recovery 4 and regained normalcy. 9 Employment is also associated with a higher quality of life. 4 The encouragement of cancer survivors to return to work also benefits aging societies economically. Relatively few studies have assessed the association of cancer survivorship with unemployment. Several mechanisms may operate to promote unemployment after the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Job discrimination, 7,10 difficulty combining treatment with full-time work, 11 and physical or mental limitations 12 may be major causes of unemployment. Additional factors such as age, sex, and the prevailing unem-CME available online at www.jamaarchivescme.com and questions on p 784.