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Stoyanova, E.; Stoychev, D.

doi:10.1023/a:1018435720504

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The combined results indicate that zinc nucleation sites correlate to the surface roughness, and electrochemical properties. 6,[12][13][14] The displacement reaction between anodic aluminum and cathodic zinc ion continues at a considerably fast rate, resulting in the formation of large zinc particles near the dissolution holes as seen in Fig. 5.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleation and Growth of Zinc Particles on an Aluminum Substrate in a Zincate Process

Lee

Kim

2007

Journal of Elec Materi

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The nucleation and growth of zinc particles during a conventional zincate process were investigated. Zinc particles preferentially nucleated on the peak or edge of an aluminum surface and preferentially grew with the (0001) plane on hexagonal platelets, forming localized islands. Zinc particles were found to have characteristic orientations and shapes which were dependent on the bath temperature. The increase in temperature in a zincating bath caused the shape and orientation to change from hexagonal (0001) to a starfish-like shape.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleation and Growth of Zinc Particles on an Aluminum Substrate in a Zincate Process

Lee

Kim

2007

Journal of Elec Materi

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“…For example, tin/lead immersion coatings on Cu (from baths containing appropriate complexing agents) [20] and gold or silver immersion coatings on Cu (sometimes coupled with Ni electroless plating) [21][22][23] are common practice in PCB fabrication. Also, Zn and Cu immersion coatings on aluminum have been used for anticorrosion, primer plating, or decorative purposes [24][25][26]. Finally, Cu immersion plating has been used for corrosion protection of stainless steel substrates [27].…”

Section: Metal Finishing the Electronics Industry And Metallurgicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrocatalysts Prepared by Galvanic Replacement

et al. 2017

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Galvanic replacement is the spontaneous replacement of surface layers of a metal, M, by a more noble metal, M noble , when the former is treated with a solution containing the latter in ionic form, according to the general replacement reaction: nM + mM noble n+ → nM m+ + mM noble. The reaction is driven by the difference in the equilibrium potential of the two metal/metal ion redox couples and, to avoid parasitic cathodic processes such as oxygen reduction and (in some cases) hydrogen evolution too, both oxygen levels and the pH must be optimized. The resulting bimetallic material can in principle have a M noble-rich shell and M-rich core (denoted as M noble (M)) leading to a possible decrease in noble metal loading and the modification of its properties by the underlying metal M. This paper reviews a number of bimetallic or ternary electrocatalytic materials prepared by galvanic replacement for fuel cell, electrolysis and electrosynthesis reactions. These include oxygen reduction, methanol, formic acid and ethanol oxidation, hydrogen evolution and oxidation, oxygen evolution, borohydride oxidation, and halide reduction. Methods for depositing the precursor metal M on the support material (electrodeposition, electroless deposition, photodeposition) as well as the various options for the support are also reviewed. 1. Principle of Galvanic Replacement/Deposition 1.1. Thermodynamic Considerations When a metal, M (e.g., Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Al, etc.), is immersed in a solution containing ions of a more noble metal, M noble n+ (e.g., Pt, Au, Pd, Ag, Ru, Ir, Rh, Os, etc.-i.e., a metal with a higher standard potential) then, due to the difference in their standard electrochemical potentials, E 0 noble − E 0 > 0, and provided that the ionic form of M is stable under the given experimental conditions (of temperatue, pH, complexing agents etc.), the following reaction is thermodynamically favored and can take place spontaneously: M noble n+ + n/m M → M noble + n/m M m+ (1) This reaction, which bears similarities with transmetalation reactions between metal complexes [1] and is also known as immersion plating [2] in the plating industry and galvanic replacement [3] in materials chemistry, can be considered to originate from the coupling of the following two half-reactions: M noble n+ + ne − ↔ M noble (E 0 noble) (2) M m+ + me − ↔ M (E 0) (3)

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“…Steel-based materials were selected to study the properties of zinc deposit [36]. Aluminum was also utilized in studies involving zincate reaction processes [37] and zinc nucleation and growth [38]. Inspired by its use in the treatment of cast alloys, Al-Si was studied in its relation to zincate chemistry and the precipitation sequence of Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn in zincate solution [39].…”

Section: Negative and Positive Electrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc regeneration in rechargeable zinc-air fuel cells—A review

Zhu

Wilkinson

Zhang

et al. 2016

Journal of Energy Storage

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Zinc-air fuel cells (ZAFCs) present a promising energy source with a competing potential with the lithium-ion battery and even with proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for applications in next generation electrified transport and energy storage. The regeneration of zinc is essential for developing the next-generation, i.e., electrochemically rechargeable ZAFCs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view on both theoretical and industrial platforms already built hitherto, with focus on electrode materials, electrode and electrolyte additives, solution chemistry, zinc deposition reaction mechanisms and kinetics, and electrochemical zinc regeneration systems. The related technological challenges and their possible solutions are described and discussed.A summary of important R&D patents published within the recent 10 years is also presented. * Corresponding authors. Email: xinge.zhang@ nrc-cnrc.gc.ca (X. Zhang); skulinich@tokai-u.jp (S.A. Kulinich)

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Cited by 30 publications

References 4 publications

Nucleation and Growth of Zinc Particles on an Aluminum Substrate in a Zincate Process

Nucleation and Growth of Zinc Particles on an Aluminum Substrate in a Zincate Process

Electrocatalysts Prepared by Galvanic Replacement

Zinc regeneration in rechargeable zinc-air fuel cells—A review

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