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Abstract

The selection of micronutrients, defined as essential and nonessential dietary components consumed in minute quantities, for testing in clinical chemoprevention trials is based on the totality of evidence arising from epidemiologic, in vitro, animal, and clinical studies. Those micronutrients that surface with chemopreventive potential, in terms of high efficacy and low toxicity, in early-phase clinical studies are then candidates for large-scale, randomized clinical chemoprevention trials with cancer endpoints. Micronutrients currently being examined in National Cancer Institute (NCI)-sponsored phase I, II, or III chemoprevention trials for prostate, breast, and colon cancers include isoflavones, lycopene, selenized yeast, selenomethionine, selenium, vitamin E, perillyl alcohol, folic acid, vitamin D, calcium, and curcumin. The response to micronutrients may vary not only in magnitude but also in direction. This variation and response likely depend on individual genetic polymorphisms and/or interactions among dietary components that influence absorption, metabolism, or site of action. Research priorities include investigation of possible molecular targets for micronutrients and whether genetic and epigenetic events dictate direction and magnitude of the response.

Understanding the degradation pathway of a poorly water-soluble drug formulated in PEG-400

“…4, the reaction should yield the following degradants: R 1 NH 2 paired with PEG-CO-NHR 2 adducts and R 2 NH 2 paired with PEG-CO-NHR 1 adducts. This proposed reaction mechanism is consistent with those reported in the literature on how the PEGylated drugs are synthesized [11].…”

“…PEG-400 is considered as an inert excipient, although its concentrationdependent effect on drug GI transit has been reported [2,3]. Besides its popular usage in drug formulation, PEGylation technology that conjugates PEG to proteins, peptides, or small molecules has been considered a successful drug delivery approach since the 1970s [4][5][6], and the PEGylated drug products have provided clinically and chemically better product than the non-conjugated form [7][8][9][10][11].…”

“…The drawback of using PEG as a bulk excipient in drug formulation is associated with how PEGy- lated drugs are synthesized, i.e., the linkage between PEG and the parent molecules can be easily formed through ester, carbonate, and amide bonds [11]. Thus, the chemical stability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient in the PEG-400 formulation is very much dependent on the molecular structure.…”

Activation of ERK signaling and induction of colon cancer cell death by piperlongumine

“…Bioactive food components extracted from botanicals are effective chemopreventive and therapeutic agents for various human cancers (Greenwald et al, 2002). Specifically, extracts from Piper (pepper) plants have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries and show numerous pharmacological activities such as anti-cancer (Bezerra et al, 2005), antiinflammatory (Bang et al, 2009), anti-platelet (Fontenele et al, 2009), anti-depressant (Lee et al, 2005b), analgesic (Vedhanayaki et al, 2003), and cardioprotective effects (Wakade et al, 2008).…”

Doenjang prepared with mixed starter cultures attenuates azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice

“…In addition, several functional foods and chemicals such as fermented soybean foods, curcumin, and epigallocatechin gallate have been reported to inhibit colon carcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo . [91011]…”