A 0D-2D Heterojunction Bismuth Molybdate-Anchored Multifunctional Hydrogel for Highly Efficient Eradication of Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Abstract

Due to the increasing antibiotic resistance and the lack of broad-spectrum antibiotics, there is an urgent requirement to develop fresh strategies to combat multidrugresistant pathogens. Herein, defect-rich bismuth molybdate heterojunctions [zero-dimensional (0D) Bi 4 MoO 9 /two-dimensional (2D) Bi 2 MoO 6 , MBO] were designed for rapid capture of bacteria and synergistic photocatalytic sterilization. The asprepared MBO was experimentally and theoretically demonstrated to possess defects, heterojunctions, and irradiation triple-enhanced photocatalytic activity for efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the exposure of more active sites and separation of effective electron−hole pairs. Meanwhile, dopamine-modified MBO (pMBO) achieved a positively charged and rough surface, which conferred strong bacterial adhesion and physical penetration to the nanosheets, effectively trapping bacteria within the damage range and enhancing ROS damage. Based on this potent antibacterial ability of pMBO, a multifunctional hydrogel consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) cross-linked tannic acid-coated cellulose nanocrystals (CPTB) and pMBO, namely CPTB@pMBO, is developed and convincingly effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse skin infection model. In addition, the strategy of combining a failed beta-lactam antibiotic with CPTB@pMBO to photoinactivation with no resistance observed was developed, which presented an idea to address the issue of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and to explore facile anti-infection methods. In addition, CPTB@pMBO can reduce excessive proteolysis of tissue and inflammatory response by regulating the expression of genes and pro-inflammatory factors in vivo, holding great potential for the effective treatment of wound infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria.

Carbomer Hydrogel Composed of Cu2O and Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether Promotes the Healing of Infected Wounds

“…Carbomer 940 is an ideal hydrogel that could be degraded and cause no side effects . In addition, Cu 2 O nanoparticles triggered by the laser would produce photogenerated electron–hole pairs that would contribute to antibacterial, which is called the hole effect . These character makes it a brilliant choice serving as a carrier of drugs and a basic wound dressing material.…”

“… 13 In addition, Cu 2 O nanoparticles triggered by the laser would produce photogenerated electron–hole pairs that would contribute to antibacterial, which is called the hole effect. 14 These character makes it a brilliant choice serving as a carrier of drugs and a basic wound dressing material. In brief, a compound hydrogel system for skin curing was completed.…”

Spatiotemporally Controllable Bifunctional Micellar-Carbon Dot Supernanoparticles for Wounds Healing

“…The indiscriminate use of antibiotics contributes to a relentless surge in bacterial resistance, potentially pushing humanity into a scenario where “no drugs are available”, thereby intensifying the challenges of treating infected wounds. − Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has garnered increasing attention as a light-controllable, rapid, efficient, noninvasive, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial strategy for addressing infected wounds. ,− In the aPDT process, photosensitizers activated by specific wavelengths swiftly produce a multitude of reactive oxygen species (ROS), − capable of directly impairing bacterial cell walls, membranes, lipids, and nucleic acids, thereby accomplishing antimicrobial effects. ,− This antibiotic-free therapy notably mitigates the likelihood of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. ,, However, despite the potent bactericidal efficacy demonstrated by aPDT through the induction of ROS generation, its side effect of localized ROS overdose, resulting in increased inflammation and tissue damage, has not been adequately addressed. , …”

Biodegradable Bismuth Nanostructures as a Ferroptosis Inducer for Phototherapy of Breast Cancer

“…Bismuth (Bi) is a green heavy metal that usually shows low toxicity. Many Bi-based drugs have been developed to treat tumors and other diseases. − Bi-based semiconductor nanomaterials have remarkable potential in PDT because of their low price, easy synthesis, controllable preparation form, and unique electronic structure. , Therefore, the design of the Bi-based semiconductor nanotherapy platform can achieve ROS release. Furthermore, Bi ions can also coordinate with GSH and achieve ferroptosis through the depletion of GSH in the tumor microenvironment (TME) through the photogenerated hole in the valence band (VB). , …”