A 1-year randomized study to evaluate the effects of a dose reduction in oral contraceptives on lipids and carbohydrate metabolism: 20 μg ethinyl estradiol combined with 100 μg levonorgestrel

Modulation of insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats by endurance exercise training and estrogen replacement

“…Hormone replacement therapy is one of the most effective therapies used to reduce unfavorable postmenopausal complications such as osteoporosis [13] despite its adverse effects, such as an increased incidence of breast cancer and a transient increase in venous thromboembolism [14]. In addition, hormone replacement therapy has been demonstrated to attenuate hypercholesterolemia [15], coronary heart disease [16], and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus [17]. In OVX rodents, estrogen replacement decreases fat accumulation, improves serum lipid profiles [18,19], and restores insulin action on muscle glucose transport [8,11].…”

Unfavorable lipid profile in women with endometriosis

“…All of these drugs can alter the lipid profile (21)(22)(23), representing an additional confounding factor to be considered in the data analysis performed by Pretta et al Thus, our study was the first to compare women with endometriosis without taking hormonal treatment for at least 3 months to control women, guaranteeing more reliable lipid profile findings.…”

Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Lipid Profile in Premenopausal Indian Women

“…The amount of lipid alteration also depends on the delivery route, where transdermal contraceptive hormone delivery is relatively less potent compared with oral. 23 Barkfeldt et al 24 conducted a randomized, double-blind study that evaluated the effects of lipid metabolism on 98 women who received 2 different types of progestin-only pills, desogestrel 75 µg/day or LNG 30 µg/day. There were minimal changes seen to the lipid profile except for decreasing trends with levels of HDL-C, its subfractions, and the apolipoproteins apolipoprotein-I and -II.…”