Graduate education is the main way to train high-level innovative talents, the basic layout to cope with the global talent competition, and the important cornerstone for implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and building an innovation-driven country. Therefore, graduate education is of great remarkably to the development of national education. As an important manifestation of graduate education, the quality of a graduate thesis should receive more attention. It is conducive to promoting the quality of graduates by supervising and examining the quality of the graduate thesis. For this purpose, this work is based on text mining, expert interviews, and questionnaire surveys to obtain the factors influencing the quality of a graduate thesis first. Then, through three rounds of expert consultation, a multidimensional evaluation indicator system for the graduate thesis quality is built. Furthermore, probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) are utilized to obtain the initial evaluation information and apply the stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis method to determine the weights of attributes. In the ensuing step, the novel multi-attribute border approximation area comparison based on the PLTS method is established. Finally, the proposed method is employed in a case study concerning the quality evaluation of a graduate thesis and the effectiveness of this approach is further illustrated.