A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Overuse Running Injuries: The Runners and Injury Longitudinal Study (TRAILS)

Messier, Stephen P.; Martín, David; Mihalko, Shannon L.; Ip, Edward H.; DeVita, Paul; Cannon, DT; Love, Monica; Beringer, D; Saldana, Santiago; Fellin, Rebecca E.; Seay, Joseph F.

doi:10.1177/0363546518773755

Cited by 181 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…[37,40]. Strong evidence indicated no significant relationship between vertical impact peak and RRIs when comparing a group of injured and non-injured runners in three studies (ES = 0.03-0.35) [39,41,42]. However, using post hoc analysis of their data, Davis et al [42] reported higher vertical impact peak in female runners developing any RRI when comparing runners who required medical attention with runners who had never sustained an injury before (ES = 0.97) (limited evidence).…”

Section: Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Inconsistent evidence was found for peak knee flexion in relation to RRIs in two studies. Specifically, very limited evidence indicated smaller peak knee flexion in a mixed-sex population of recreational runners developing Achilles tendinopathy (ES = 0.70) [38], while limited evidence indicated no significant association between peak knee flexion and RRI risk in a mixed-sex population of recreational runners (ES = 0.02) [39].…”

Section: Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, very limited evidence indicated greater peak rearfoot eversion in a mixed-sex population of recreational runners developing Achilles tendinopathy (ES = 0.57) [38]. Limited evidence indicated no significant difference in female recreational runners developing patellofemoral pain (ES = 1.23) [35], female recreational runners developing iliotibial band syndrome (ES = 0.65) [36], and a mixed-sex population developing any RRI (ES = 0.00) [39]. Very limited evidence indicated smaller peak ankle dorsiflexion in Table 3 Risk of bias assessment of included studies Scoring: 'low risk of bias' = 1, 'high risk of bias' = 0, 'unable to determine' = U (scored as 0)…”

Section: Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical Risk Factors Associated with Running-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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Background Running is a popular form of physical activity with many health benefits. However, the incidence and prevalence of running-related injuries (RRIs) is high. Biomechanical factors may be related to the development of RRIs. Objective This systematic review synthesizes biomechanical risk factors related to the development of RRIs in non-injured runners. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, and SPORTDiscus were searched in July 2018 for original peerreviewed prospective studies evaluating potential biomechanical factors associated with the development of RRIs. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Two reviewers independently assessed articles for inclusion and methodological quality. Due to methodological heterogeneity across studies, a narrative synthesis of findings was conducted, rather than a meta-analysis. Results Sixteen studies, including 13 of high quality and three of moderate quality, were included. A large number of biomechanical variables were evaluated, producing inconsistent evidence overall. Limited evidence indicated greater peak hip adduction in female runners developing patellofemoral pain and iliotibial band syndrome, but not for a mixed-sex population of crosscountry runners sustaining an RRI. The relationship between vertical loading rate and RRIs was inconsistent. Other kinematic, kinetic and spatiotemporal factors were only studied to a limited extent. Conclusions Current prospective evidence relating biomechanical variables to RRI risk is sparse and inconsistent, with findings largely dependent on the population and injuries being studied. Future research is needed to confirm these biomechanical risk factors and determine whether modification of these variables may assist in running injury prevention and management. Key Points Despite the common belief that biomechanical factors greatly influence running-related injury (RRI) risk, only a limited body of high-quality research, with significant heterogeneity in study populations, methodologies and outcome variables, was identified. Current prospective evidence relating biomechanical variables with the risk to sustain an RRI is inconsistent and largely dependent on the population and injuries being studied. A number of single-study findings related to kinematics, kinetics and spatiotemporal variables require confirmation via further high-quality prospective studies before clinical recommendations can be made.

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Section: Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical Risk Factors Associated with Running-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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“…The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. different sports-activities [21] and they have increased passive lower leg stiffness compared to XX counterparts [22] that might predispose to overuse injuries, especially in amateur endurance runners [23]. The most consistent finding has been the positive association between the XX genotype and ankle injuries [24][25][26] that suggests a negative impact of the XX genotype on joint and ligament injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of the ACTN3 R577X genotype on the injury epidemiology of marathon runners

et al. 2020

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A common single nucleotide polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene might result in the complete deficiency of α-actinin-3 (i.e., XX genotype). It has been found that ACTN3 XX individuals have several traits related to lessened muscle performance. This study aimed to determine the influence, if any, of ACTN3 genotypes on injury incidence of marathoners during the year preceding to participating in a competitive marathon race. Using a cross-sectional experimental design, the type and conditions of sports injuries were documented for one year in a group of 139 marathoners. Injuries were recorded following a consensus statement on injuries in Athletics. Afterward, ACTN3 genotyping was performed, and injury epidemiology was compared among RR, RX, and XX genotypes. The distribution of the RR/RX/XX genotypes was 28.8/42.8/23.5%, respectively. A total of 67 injuries were recorded. The frequency of marathoners that reported any injury during the previous year was not different across the genotypes (55.0/38.8/40.6%, P = 0.241). Although the overall injury incidence was not different among genotypes (2.78/1.65/1.94 injuries/1000 h of running, P = 0.084), the likelihood of suffering an injury was higher in RR than in RX (OR = 1.93: 95%CI = 0.87-4.30), and higher than in XX (OR = 1.79: 0.70-4.58). There was no difference in the conditions, severity, body location, time of year, or leading cause of injury among genotypes. However, XX presented a higher frequency of sudden-onset injuries (P = 0.024), and the OR for muscle-type injuries was 2.0 (0.51-7.79) times higher compared to RR runners. Although XX marathoners did not have a higher overall incidence of injury, the OR in these runners for muscle-type injuries was superior to RR and RX runners. The likelihood of suffering a muscle injury, especially with a sudden-onset, was twice in XX than in RR endurance runners.

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“…Running is an accessible and increasingly popular form of physical activity that is associated with reduced mortality (1)(2)(3)(4). However, there is a high incidence of injury amongst runners (5,6) with two-thirds of recreational runners reportedly sustaining an injury over a two-year period (6). Bone stress injuries are one of the more problematic injuries due in part to their lengthy recovery time and the most severe of thesestress fractureshave been reported to comprise up to 30% of running-related injuries (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Tibial Stress throughout the Duration of a Treadmill Run

Rice

Weir

Trudeau³

et al. 2019

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Introduction: Stress fractures of the tibia are a problematic injury amongst runners of all levels. Quantifying tibial stress using a modelling approach provides an alternative to invasive assessments that may be used to detect changes in tibial stress during running. This study aimed to assess the repeatability of a tibial stress model and to use this model to quantify changes in tibial stress that occur throughout the course of a 40-minute prolonged treadmill run. Methods: Synchronised force and kinematic data were collected during prolonged treadmill running from fourteen recreational male rearfoot runners on two separate occasions. During each session, participants ran at their preferred speed for two consecutive 20-minute runs, separated by a 2-minute pause. The tibia was modelled as a hollow ellipse and bending moments and stresses at the distal 1/3 of the tibia were estimated using beam theory combined with inverse dynamics and musculoskeletal modelling. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated good-to-excellent repeatability for peak stress values between sessions. Peak anterior and posterior stresses increased following 20 minutes of prolonged treadmill running and were 15% and 12% greater respectively after 40 minutes of running compared with the start of the run. Conclusion: The hollow elliptical tibial model presented is a repeatable tool that can be utilised to assess within-participant changes in peak tibial stress during running. The increased stresses observed during a prolonged treadmill run may have implications for the development of tibial stress fracture.

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A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Overuse Running Injuries: The Runners and Injury Longitudinal Study (TRAILS)

Cited by 181 publications

References 46 publications

Biomechanical Risk Factors Associated with Running-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review

Biomechanical Risk Factors Associated with Running-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review

Influence of the ACTN3 R577X genotype on the injury epidemiology of marathon runners

Estimating Tibial Stress throughout the Duration of a Treadmill Run

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