A 2-year survey of the prevalence of enteric viral infections in children compared with contamination in locally-harvested oysters

Yamashita, Teruo; Sakae, Kenji; Ishihara, Yuichi; Isomura, Shin

doi:10.1017/s0950268800049608

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For example, analysis of wild shellfish from the Atlantic coast of France indicated no significant correlation between fecal coliforms and enteroviruses or hepatitis A virus (26,27), and viruses have sometimes been found in oysters without coliform contamination (15,45). Noble and Fuhrman (32) detected enterovirus in 35% of the 50 shoreline samples they examined over a 5-year period, and no significant statistical relationship to any of the standard bacterial indicators was found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multitiered Approach Using Quantitative PCR To Track Sources of Fecal Pollution Affecting Santa Monica Bay, California

Noble

Griffith

Fuhrman

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

127

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The ubiquity of fecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in urban environments makes tracking of fecal contamination extremely challenging. A multitiered approach was used to assess sources of fecal pollution in Ballona Creek, an urban watershed that drains to the Santa Monica Bay (SMB) near Los Angeles, Calif. A mass-based design at six main-stem sites and four major tributaries over a 6-h period was used (i) to assess the flux of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli by using culture-based methods (tier 1); (ii) to assess levels of Enterococcus spp. by using quantitative PCR and to detect and/or quantify additional markers of human fecal contamination, including a human-specific Bacteroides sp. marker and enterovirus, using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (tier 2); and (iii) to assess the specific types of enterovirus genomes found via sequence analysis (tier 3). Sources of fecal indicator bacteria were ubiquitous, and concentrations were high, throughout Ballona Creek, with no single tributary dominating fecal inputs. The flux of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli averaged 10 9 to 10 10 cells h ؊1 and was as high at the head of the watershed as at the mouth prior to discharge into the SMB. In addition, a signal for the human-specific Bacteroides marker was consistently detected: 86% of the samples taken over the extent during the study period tested positive. Enteroviruses were quantifiable in 14 of 36 samples (39%), with the highest concentrations at the site furthest upstream (Cochran). These results indicated the power of using multiple approaches to assess and quantify fecal contamination in freshwater conduits to high-use, high-priority recreational swimming areas.The Santa Monica Bay (SMB), California, is home to some of the most popular beaches in the world. It is located adjacent to metropolitan Los Angeles, and more than 50 million beachgoers visit SMB shorelines every year-more than those visiting all other beaches in California combined (38). However, there are serious concerns about beach water quality because of continued exceedances of water quality thresholds based on fecal indicator bacteria such as total coliforms, fecal coliforms, or Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., particularly in areas impacted by urban runoff. Thirteen percent of the shoreline mile-days in the SMB exceeded water quality thresholds between 1995 and 2000, with over 50% of these exceedances located near storm drains (37). The public health risk associated with urban runoff has been directly demonstrated through epidemiology studies. Haile et al. (19) demonstrated that swimmers near storm drain discharges in the SMB had a higher likelihood of respiratory and/or gastrointestinal symptoms than swimmers more than 400 m from a storm drain.Despite the impairment of water quality and risks to human health, identification and elimination of the sources of bacteria responsible for the beach warnings remain elusive. The difficulty in identifying and eliminating the sources of bacteria results from thre...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multitiered Approach Using Quantitative PCR To Track Sources of Fecal Pollution Affecting Santa Monica Bay, California

Noble

Griffith

Fuhrman

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

127

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“…The effective control of enteric bacterial disease spread by shellfish has resulted in the establishment of bacteriological standards using a coliform and fecal coliform index as the basis for a certification program. Improper documentation and an insufficient number of studies related to the transmission of viral disease by shellfish have so far impeded progress in implementing preventive measures (29). In addition, there has been a lack of sensitive techniques to adequately research this problem.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Reverse Transcription-PCR for Identification and Differentiation of Aichi Virus, a New Member of the Picornavirus Family Associated with Gastroenteritis in Humans

et al. 2000

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Aichi viruses isolated in Vero cells from seven patients in five gastroenteritis outbreaks in Japan, five Japanese returning from Southeast Asian countries, and five local children in Pakistan with gastroenteritis were examined for differentiation based on their reactivities with a monoclonal antibody to a standard strain (A846/88) and a reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) of three genomic regions. The RNA sequences were determined for 519 bases of these 17 isolates at the putative junction between the C terminus of 3C and the N terminus of 3D. The analyses revealed an approximately 90% homology between these isolates, which were then divided into two groups: group 1 (genotype A) included six isolates from four outbreaks and one isolate from a traveler and group 2 (genotype B) included one isolate from the other outbreak, four isolates from returning travelers, and all of the isolates from the Pakistani children. Based on the isolate sequences, a primer pair and a biotin-labeled probe were designed for amplification and detection of 223 bases at the 3C-3D junction of Aichi virus RNA in fecal specimens. The Aichi virus RNA was detected in 54 (55%) of 99 fecal specimens from the patients in 12 (32%) of 37 outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Japan. Of the 12 outbreaks, 11 were suspected to be due to genotype A. These results indicated that RT-PCR can be a useful tool to detect Aichi virus in stool samples and that a sequence analysis of PCR products can be employed to identify the prevalent strain in each incident.

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“…In the literature, studies show no consistent correlation between FC levels and the presence of viruses in shellfish (7,18,22,47). In fact, viruses have sometimes been detected in oysters without coliform contamination (17,50). These results are not surprising, because viruses are known to survive longer than bacteria in the marine environment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of genomic probes to detect hepatitis A virus and enterovirus RNAs in wild shellfish and relationship of viral contamination to bacterial contamination

Guyader¹,

Apaire-Marchais²,

Brillet³

et al. 1993

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Genomic probes were used to investigate hepatitis A virus (HAV) and enterovirus RNAs in two types of shellfish from natural beds (Atlantic coast, France). After elution concentration, nucleic acid extracted by proteinase K and purified by phenol-chloroform and ethanol precipitation was assayed by dot blot hybridization. The probes used were a specific HAV probe corresponding to the 3' end (3D polymerase coding region) and an enterovirus probe corresponding to the 5' noncoding region. The method was first tested under experimental conditions by using virus-spiked shellfish before being applied under field conditions. Our results show that shellfish were highly contaminated: enterovirus and HAV RNAs were found in 63 and 67%, respectively, of samples examined with the riboprobes. On the same site, viral (HAV and enterovirus) RNAs were found in a larger fraction of cockles than mussels. Statistical tests of dependence showed no relationship between viral contamination and bacterial contamination (evaluated by fecal coliform counts).

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A 2-year survey of the prevalence of enteric viral infections in children compared with contamination in locally-harvested oysters

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Multitiered Approach Using Quantitative PCR To Track Sources of Fecal Pollution Affecting Santa Monica Bay, California

Multitiered Approach Using Quantitative PCR To Track Sources of Fecal Pollution Affecting Santa Monica Bay, California

Application of a Reverse Transcription-PCR for Identification and Differentiation of Aichi Virus, a New Member of the Picornavirus Family Associated with Gastroenteritis in Humans

Use of genomic probes to detect hepatitis A virus and enterovirus RNAs in wild shellfish and relationship of viral contamination to bacterial contamination

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