A 21‐week bone deposition promoting exercise programme increases bone mass in young people with Down syndrome

Abstract

BMC Bone mineral content DS-E Down syndrome, exercise group DS-NE Down syndrome, non-exercise group TLM Total lean mass AIM To determine whether the bone mass of young people with Down syndrome may increase, following a 21-week conditioning training programme including plyometric jumps.METHOD Twenty-eight participants with Down syndrome (13 females, 15 males) aged 10 to 19 years were divided into exercise (DS-E; n=14; eight females, six males mean age 13y 8mo, SD 2y 6mo) and non-exercise (DS-NE; n=14; five females, nine males mean age 15y 5mo, SD 2y 6mo) groups. Total and regional (hip and lumbar spine [L1-L4]) bone mineral content (BMC) and total lean mass were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after a 25-minute training session performed twice a week. Repeated-measures analyses of variation were applied to test differences between pre-and posttraining values for BMC and total lean mass. Differences between increments were studied with the Student's t-test. Linear regression models were fitted to test independent relationships. RESULTS After the intervention, higher increments in total and hip BMC, and total lean mass, were observed in the DS-E group (all p<0.05). A time·exercise interaction was found for total lean mass (p<0.05). The increment in total lean mass, height, and Tanner stage accounted for almost for 60% in the increment in total BMC in the DS-NE group (p<0.05).INTERPRETATION Twenty-one weeks of training have a positive effect on the acquisition of bone mass in young people with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a genetic condition accompanied by intellectual disability and more than 80 clinical manifestations, some of them affecting body composition. 1 Lower levels of bone mineral content (BMC) have been observed not only in adults 2-6 but also in children and adolescents with Down syndrome 7,8 compared with their counterparts without Down syndrome. The acquisition of high bone mass during childhood and adolescence is an important factor in preventing osteoporosis later in life. 9,10 Because life expectancy of persons with Down syndrome has increased over recent decades to over 55 years, the incidence of osteoporosis, bone fragility, and related fractures is expected to increase in the coming years.It is well established that physical activity and, specifically, participation in sport during growth has an osteogenic effect on the growing skeleton in children and adolescents without disabilities; 12-14 however, studies have not yet been made of children and adolescents with Down syndrome, 15 who might also benefit from osteogenic exercising. Plyometric training is a type of exercise that requires various jumps in place or rebound jumping, which may increase peak bone mass during adolescence. 16 This type of exercise has been shown to be an effective method for increasing lean mass in adolescents with Down syndrome, 17 and as bone mass is closely associated with lean mass this is a positive finding. It has also been suggested that in young people the mechanical impact result...

The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Physical Exercises in Improving Balance and Coordination in Children with Down Syndrome

“…Haley (1987) has analyzed the children's postural control in concordance with their chronological age and neuro-motor development, and the results show that the intervention focused on facilitating the postural reactions improves the psycho-motor development of children with Down syndrome. The effects of jumping-focused programs on the improvement of balance during walking in children were proven by González-Agüero et al (2012). Gupta et al (2011) have proven that an exercise program adapted to the age particularities and symptoms improve muscle strength and balance in children with Down syndrome.…”

Metabolismo óseo en población infantil y adolescente deportista: revisión sistemática

“…Además, es de vital importancia el control de la ingesta calórica en las atletas, ya que el déficit de energía provoca alteraciones hormonales asociadas con la amenorrea, habiéndose determinado que las atletas amenorreicas presentan una menor DMO que sus homólogas eumenorreicas (14,15). Por otro lado, la práctica de ejercicio físico (EF) proporciona beneficios para la salud del hueso (16,17), así como para la prevención y el tratamiento de la baja DMO (18,19), o la mejora de la adquisición de capital óseo durante el crecimiento (17). Para que el EF tenga un efecto osteogénico, es decir, mayor anabolismo óseo, necesita de una duración y una intensidad mínima (17), además de impactos y cargas mecáni-cas que desencadenen los procesos de modelado y remodelado necesarios para adecuar el hueso a las nuevas demandas, provocando como resultado final el aumento tanto de la DMO como del contenido mineral del hueso (CMO) (20), al igual que adaptaciones estructurales y de la microarquitectura trabecular (21).…”

Avaliação do impacto de um programa de exercícios físicos para pessoas com síndrome de Down

“…Pessoas com SD que praticam exercícios apresentam melhor aptidão física, devido essa prática contribuir na melhora do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório, força muscular e peso corporal [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] , porém essa população apresenta pouca participação em programas de exercícios por razões multifatoriais como falta de motivação, inclusão social, programas e supervisão adequados 14 . Em geral, apenas 50% das pessoas que ingressam em um programa de exercícios físicos permanecem nele por mais de seis meses 103 .…”

“…Além disso, há relação inversa entre mortalidade e estilo de vida que inclui a prática de exercícios no cotidiano 81,82 . Em todos os estudos observou-se que a prática de exercícios físicos trouxe benefícios às pessoas com SD, como melhora do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e da força muscular [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . O equilíbrio postural mostrou diferença para o domínio I Transições -ajustes posturais antecipatórios (p=0,016) e no escore total da avaliação (p=0,02).…”

“…Alguns com exercícios aeróbios, outros com exercícios de treinamento resistido e também, com a combinação de exercícios aeróbios com exercícios resistidos [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] . Há estudos que se propuseram a investigar o nível de atividade física dessa população e comparar os resultados com seus pares, sem a síndrome [22][23][24][25] .…”