A 3-D Propagation Model for Emerging Land Mobile Radio Cellular Environments

Abstract

A tunable stochastic geometry based Three-Dimensional (3-D) scattering model for emerging land mobile radio cellular systems is proposed. Uniformly distributed scattering objects are assumed around the Mobile Station (MS) bounded within an ellipsoidal shaped Scattering Region (SR) hollowed with an elliptically-cylindric scattering free region in immediate vicinity of MS. To ensure the degree of expected accuracy, the proposed model is designed to be tunable (as required) with nine degrees of freedom, unlike its counterparts in the existing literature. The outer and inner boundaries of SR are designed as independently scalable along all the axes and rotatable in horizontal plane around their origin centered at MS. The elevated Base Station (BS) is considered outside the SR at a certain adjustable distance and height w.r.t. position of MS. Closed-form analytical expressions for joint and marginal Probability Density Functions (PDFs) of Angle-of-Arrival (AoA) and Time-of-Arrival (ToA) are derived for both up- and down-links. The obtained analytical results for angular and temporal statistics of the channel are presented along with a thorough analysis. The impact of various physical model parameters on angular and temporal characteristics of the channel is presented, which reveals the comprehensive insight on the proposed results. To evaluate the robustness of the proposed analytical model, a comparison with experimental datasets and simulation results is also presented. The obtained analytical results for PDF of AoA observed at BS are seen to fit a vast range of empirical datasets in the literature taken for various outdoor propagation environments. In order to establish the validity of the obtained analytical results for spatial and temporal characteristics of the channel, a comparison of the proposed analytical results with the simulation results is shown, which illustrates a good fit for 107 scattering points. Moreover, the proposed model is shown to degenerate to various notable geometric models in the literature by an appropriate choice of a few parameters.

Multi-Elliptical Geometry of Scatterers in Modeling Propagation Effect at Receiver

“…For the 2D areas, geometric structures such as a circle [5,6,[14][15][16], ellipse [15,16], hollow disk [17], and elliptical disk [18] are most commonly used. In the case of 3D, the scatterer areas represent a sphere [19], semi-spheroid [20,21], clipping semi-spheroid [22], semi-ellipsoid [23], cylinder [24,25], and complex solid figures, for example, bounded ellipsoid and elliptical cylinder [26] or sphere and ellipsoid [27].…”

Modeling power angle spectrum and antenna pattern directions in multipath propagation environment

“…PAS can be determined in azimuth and elevation planes. If the model includes both planes, then we are talking about 3D models [1], [2], [3]. In 2D [4], [5], [6] models, only the azimuth plane is considered, and then the PAS acronym means the power azimuth spectrum.…”

Small-Scale Fading Statistics of Emerging 3-D Mobile Radio Cellular Propagation Channels

“…First and second order fading statistics have been analyzed and measured by various other researchers as well [29][30][31][32]. Recently, an advanced tunable channel model for emerging communication networks is proposed in [33]. The model provides nine degrees of freedom in designing scattering regions; therefore, it delivers a good fit of analytical results on a diverse range of empirical data sets.…”

“…Whereas, in studying time variability of the channel characteristics imposed by mobility of the communicating nodes, there is a potential scope to extend the model in [33] from plain AoA/ToA to Doppler spectrum and small-scale fading statistics. This paper extends the tunable 3-D hollow channel model in [33,34] Single bounce communication is assumed to take place and signal scattered from more than one scattering point is assumed to have negligible power [17,35,36]. An s p can be represented by r sp , φ sp , and β sp in spherical coordinate system or by x sp , y sp , and z sp in Cartesian coordinate…”