A 3D-Printable Polymer-Metal Soft-Magnetic Functional Composite—Development and Characterization

Khatri, Bilal; Lappe, Karl; Noetzel, Dorit; Pursche, Kilian; Hanemann, Thomas

doi:10.3390/ma11020189

Cited by 93 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…By mixing magnetic soft-or hard magnetic materials into the thermoplastic binder, FFF can be also used to 3D print polymer-bonded magnets with filling ratios up to 90 wt.%. [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. A big disadvantage of polymer-bonded permanent magnets is their lowered maximum energy product (BH) max compared to sintered magnets due to their plastic matrix material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufactured Polymer-Bonded Isotropic NdFeB Magnets by Stereolithography and Their Comparison to Fused Filament Fabricated and Selective Laser Sintered Magnets

Huber

Mitteramskogler²,

Goertler

et al. 2020

Materials

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Magnetic isotropic NdFeB powder is processed by the following additive manufacturing methods: (i) stereolithography (SLA), (ii) fused filament fabrication (FFF), and (iii) selective laser sintering (SLS). For the first time, a stereolithography based method is used to 3D print hard magnetic materials. FFF and SLA use a polymer matrix material as binder, SLS sinters the powder directly. All methods use the same hard magnetic NdFeB powder material. Complex magnets with small feature sizes in a superior surface quality can be printed with SLA. The magnetic properties for the processed samples are investigated and compared. SLA can print magnets with a remanence of 388 mT and a coercivity of 0.923 T. A complex magnetic design for speed wheel sensing applications is presented and printed with all methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufactured Polymer-Bonded Isotropic NdFeB Magnets by Stereolithography and Their Comparison to Fused Filament Fabricated and Selective Laser Sintered Magnets

Huber

Mitteramskogler²,

Goertler

et al. 2020

Materials

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“…Incorporation of magnetic materials into a printable matrix enables printing of complex 3D shapes and structures with magnetic properties and fabrication of actuators, sensing devices, reinforced structures, and medical devices …”

Section: Magnetic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conventionally, various metal alloys such as stainless steel microparticles, Ni–Mn–Ga with shape memory properties, powders of NdFeB microparticles, metal oxide powders such as iron oxide, alumina platelets, magnetized alumina platelets, NiO/Fe 2 O 3 and BaCO 3 /Fe 2 O 3 , and metallic iron particles, were utilized as the magnetic materials. These magnetic materials were embedded into various matrices formed by acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylated polyethylene glycol: polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), acryloyl modified polyethylene glycol or a mixture of benzyl methacrylate and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), epoxy based photoresist (SU‐8), bifunctional acrylic monomer, acrylated polyurethane, polycaprolactone (PCL), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polylactic acid (PLA), and commercial binder followed by urethane resin coating . As was demonstrated, iron oxide particles are the most popular materials in use and they were embedded in a variety of materials …”

Section: Magnetic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Materials for Functional 3D Printing

Cooperstein

Keneth

Shukrun-Farrell

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Inter

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This review focuses on the development of hybrid materials based on inorganic–organic compositions with improved and new functionalities, and their utilization for 3D printing of various devices: magnetic materials, flexible and stretchable materials for conductive and shape‐memory devices, materials for photonics and optics, materials with enhanced mechanical properties, and dielectric and piezoelectric materials. Various methods of functional 3D printing are briefly discussed.

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“…Among the different strategies, an accessible pathway to fabricate stimuli‐responsive (4D) printed objects consists in magnetizing a soft‐polymer by loading the polymeric matrix with magnetic fillers, such as particles of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) or neodymium–iron–boron (NdFeB) . Direct ink writing (DIW) and fused filament fabrication (FFF) have been used to fabricate fast responding actuators, inks containing high loads of magnetic fillers and 2D planar structures that exploit folding and unfolding processes . Additionally, 3D printed permanent magnets were developed …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing of Magnetoresponsive Polymeric Materials with Tunable Mechanical and Magnetic Properties by Digital Light Processing

Lantean

Barrera

Pirri

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

103

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nanocomposites [12][13][14][15] -have been investigated for a broad variety of applications, from micro-and soft-robotics [10,[16][17][18] to biomedicine. [19][20][21][22][23][24] Among the different strategies, an accessible pathway to fabricate stimuli-responsive (4D) printed objects consists in magnetizing a soft-polymer by loading the polymeric matrix with magnetic fillers, such as particles of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) or neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB). [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Direct ink writing (DIW) and fused filament fabrication (FFF) have been used to fabricate fast responding actuators, [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] inks containing high loads of magnetic fillers [41] and 2D planar structures that exploit folding and unfolding processes. [42] Additionally, 3D printed permanent magnets were developed. [43][44][45][46][47][48] However, both DIW and FFF present some drawbacks: first in terms of resolution; second in terms of the dispersion of the fillers, that may lead to nonhomogeneous magnetic response; and third in terms of temperature of processing, which could be not compatible with the fillers. [48,49] For the last one, the temperature can be decreased using some additives, however this approach may affect the mechanical performances of devices. [41] An alternative to DIW and FFF is digital light processing (DLP). This vat polymerization 3D printing technology involves the use of photosensitive (liquid) resins which are able to cure (i.e., to solidify) upon irradiation with a suitable light source. In DLP, a digital light projector (digital micromirror device) illuminates a photocurable resin with a 2D pixel pattern allowing the curing of single slices of the 3D object. [50][51][52] The aforementioned drawbacks associated to DIW and FFF can be overcome by the use of DLP. Indeed: (i) the printing resolution in DLP belongs to the pixel dimensions and it is generally higher than DIW and FFF, [53,54] (ii) in DLP the dispersion of the fillers is easier to control since liquid formulations are used; and (iii) the fabrication process generally occurs at room temperature. Nevertheless, two precautions must be taken into account: first, the increase of the content of nanoparticles may affect the photopolymerization process since they compete with the photoinitiator in absorbing the incident radiation; and second, the dispersion of the fillers must be stable for the whole printing procedure in order to print an object whose response is homogeneous to an external input. For the latter, macroscopic sedimentation, segregation, and spatial inhomogeneity must be avoided.Digital light processing is used for printing magnetoresponsive polymeric materials with tunable mechanical and magnetic properties. Mechanical properties are tailored, from stiff to soft, by combining urethane-acrylate resins with butyl acrylate as the reactive diluent. The magnetic response of the printed samples is tuned by changing the Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle loading up to 6 wt%. Following this strategy, magnetoresponsive active components ar...

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A 3D-Printable Polymer-Metal Soft-Magnetic Functional Composite—Development and Characterization

Cited by 93 publications

References 56 publications

Additive Manufactured Polymer-Bonded Isotropic NdFeB Magnets by Stereolithography and Their Comparison to Fused Filament Fabricated and Selective Laser Sintered Magnets

Additive Manufactured Polymer-Bonded Isotropic NdFeB Magnets by Stereolithography and Their Comparison to Fused Filament Fabricated and Selective Laser Sintered Magnets

Hybrid Materials for Functional 3D Printing

3D Printing of Magnetoresponsive Polymeric Materials with Tunable Mechanical and Magnetic Properties by Digital Light Processing

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