A 4-Tap CMOS Time-of-Flight Image Sensor with In-pixel Analog Memory Array Achieving 10Kfps High-Speed Range Imaging and Depth Precision Enhancement

Kuo, Chia-Chi; Kuroda, Rihito

doi:10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46769.2022.9830420

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Hatakeyama et al 19 . and Kuo and Kuroda 20 developed 4-tap pixels using TGs. Our research group successfully developed an 8-tap pixel utilizing the LEFM technology, specifically for the purpose of short-pulse-based time-of-flight range measurements 21 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motion-resistant three-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging system with ambient light suppression using an 8-tap CMOS image sensor

Feng,

Cao,

Shimada

et al. 2024

J. Biomed. Opt.

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We present a motion-resistant three-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) system with ambient light suppression using an 8-tap complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS) developed at Shizuoka University. The system addresses limitations in conventional SFDI systems, enabling reliable measurements in challenging imaging scenarios that are closer to real-world conditions.Aim: Our study demonstrates a three-wavelength SFDI system based on an 8-tap CIS. We demonstrate and evaluate the system's capability of mitigating motion artifacts and ambient light bias through tissue phantom reflectance experiments and in vivo volar forearm experiments.Approach: We incorporated the Hilbert transform to reduce the required number of projected patterns per wavelength from three to two per spatial frequency. The 8-tap image sensor has eight charge storage diodes per pixel; therefore, simultaneous image acquisition of eight images based on multi-exposure is possible. Taking advantage of this feature, the sensor simultaneously acquires images for planar illumination, sinusoidal pattern projection at three wavelengths, and ambient light. The ambient light bias is eliminated by subtracting the ambient light image from the others. Motion artifacts are suppressed by reducing the exposure and projection time for each pattern while maintaining sufficient signal levels by repeating the exposure. The system is compared to a conventional SFDI system in tissue phantom experiments and then in vivo measurements of human volar forearms. Results:The 8-tap image sensor-based SFDI system achieved an acquisition rate of 9.4 frame sets per second, with three repeated exposures during each accumulation period. The diffuse reflectance maps of three different tissue phantoms using the conventional SFDI system and the 8-tap image sensor-based SFDI system showed good agreement except for high scattering phantoms. For the in vivo volar forearm measurements, our system successfully measured total hemoglobin concentration, tissue oxygen saturation, and reduced scattering coefficient maps of the subject during motion (16.5 cm/s) and under ambient light (28.9 lx), exhibiting fewer motion artifacts compared with the conventional SFDI.Conclusions: We demonstrated the potential for motion-resistant three-wavelength SFDI system with ambient light suppression using an 8-tap CIS.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motion-resistant three-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging system with ambient light suppression using an 8-tap CMOS image sensor

Feng,

Cao,

Shimada

et al. 2024

J. Biomed. Opt.

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“…Reset noise is cancelled by correlated double sampling (CDS) and is not included in equation (3). There are two approaches to improve SNR: improving the full well capacity (FWC) [5][6] or reducing the dark random noise 7) .…”

Section: Technical Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Invited Paper] A High SNR Global Shutter CMOS Image Sensor Technology for High Precision Absorption Imaging Applications

Oikawa,

Kuroda,

Hamaya

et al. 2024

MTA

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“…Recently, a 4-tap iToF range imager enables low noise imaging at 90 frames/s and HS imaging at 2 K to 10 Kfps using an in-pixel memory array and sub-frame ToF operation was reported [13]. This sensor exhibits the potential for achieving fine depth image quality while also having the capacity to provide high temporal resolution 3-D images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 134×132 4-Tap CMOS Indirect Time-of-Flight Range Imager Using In-Pixel Memory Array With 10 Kfps High-Speed Mode and High Precision Mode

Kuo

Kuroda

2024

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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A 4-Tap CMOS Time-of-Flight Image Sensor with In-pixel Analog Memory Array Achieving 10Kfps High-Speed Range Imaging and Depth Precision Enhancement

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Motion-resistant three-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging system with ambient light suppression using an 8-tap CMOS image sensor

Motion-resistant three-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging system with ambient light suppression using an 8-tap CMOS image sensor

[Invited Paper] A High SNR Global Shutter CMOS Image Sensor Technology for High Precision Absorption Imaging Applications

A 134×132 4-Tap CMOS Indirect Time-of-Flight Range Imager Using In-Pixel Memory Array With 10 Kfps High-Speed Mode and High Precision Mode

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