“…Al 2 O 3 has been the most widely used structural ceramic in total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the past approximately 50 years, typically in articulation against polyethylene [23] or itself [24,25]. Its success in THA led to its adoption in other joints including knee [26,27], elbow [28], ankle [29], wrist [30], phalanges [31], spine [32,33], and also bone reconstruction [34]. Industrial specifications for its composition, processing, and properties have been issued [35,36].…”