A 7.5-mV-Input Boost Converter for Thermal Energy Harvesting With 11-mV Self-Startup

Radin, Rafael Luciano; Galup-Montoro, Carlos; Schneider, M.C.

doi:10.1109/tcsii.2019.2939123

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…One of 65 delay outputs is selected through a mux and is fed back to the reset signal to set the oscillation frequency (the switching frequency of M1). The selectable switching frequency enables the input impedance to be programmed to match with the TEG for maximum power extraction, or "MPPT" as described in [4]- [6], [35], [36] (this is opposed to the "OCV" MPPT method described in [37]). When the hibernate input is high, the final delay output y999 is used, setting the frequency to 0.2 Hz to minimize quiescent power consumption.…”

Section: Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A ±0.5-mV-Minimum-Input DC-DC Converter with Stepwise Adiabatic Gate-Drive and Efficient Timing Control for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

Carlson¹,

Smith²

2022

Preprint

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<p>This paper presents a step-up DC-DC converter that uses a stepwise gate-drive technique to reduce the power FET gate-drive energy by 82%, allowing positive efficiency down to an input voltage of ±0.5 mV—the lowest input voltage ever achieved for a DC-DC converter as far as we know. Below ±0.5 mV the converter automatically hibernates, reducing quiescent power consumption to just 255 pW. The converter has an efficiency of 63% at ±1 mV and 84% at ±6 mV. The input impedance is programmable from 1 Ω to 600 Ω to achieve maximum power extraction. A novel delay line circuit controls the stepwise gate-drive timing, programmable input impedance, and hibernation behavior. Bipolar input voltage is supported by using a flyback converter topology with two secondary windings. A generated power good signal enables the load when the output voltage has charged above 2.7 V and disables when the output voltage has discharged below 2.5 V. The DC-DC converter was used in a thermoelectric energy harvesting system that effectively harvests energy from small indoor temperature fluctuations of less than 1°C. Also, an analytical model with unprecedented accuracy of the stepwise gate-drive energy is presented. </p>

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Section: Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The low power consumption keeps VOUT above the minimum required voltage of 1.5 V for 12 weeks, meaning that after initial startup the DC-DC converter would only need to be revived if there was no input power for a 12-week duration. Otherwise, a coldstart circuit like the 11-mV one in [35] could be used. Fig.…”

Section: Circuit Waveformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A ±0.5-mV-Minimum-Input DC-DC Converter with Stepwise Adiabatic Gate-Drive and Efficient Timing Control for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

Carlson¹,

Smith²

2022

Preprint

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“…On the other hand, with the recent advances in ultra-low DC-DC converters, only few mV are needed. [56][57][58][59] This requirement could also be satisfied by increasing the fabric thickness as deduced from Equation (2) combined with the connection in series of several fabrics. Overall, these results show how further optimization of the fabric performance would improve the self-powered operation range and could therefore lead to its direct implementation into current power demand of the existing devices.…”

Section: Self-powered Sensor Nodementioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive Self‐Powered H₂ Sensor Based on Nanostructured Thermoelectric Silicon Fabrics

Pujadó

Gordillo

Avireddy

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Technologies

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Self‐powered sensors running on small differences of temperature are considered promising candidates to cover the increasing demand of sustainable and maintenance‐free wireless sensor networks for the Internet of Things (IoT). Under this context, a cost‐effective and self‐powered hydrogen thermoelectric sensor is presented here as a proof of concept for battery‐less IoT nodes. The device is based on low‐density paper‐like fabrics made of functionalized thermoelectric silicon nanotubes able to harvest energy from the heat released by exothermic reactions, such as the hydrogen catalytic oxidation. This gives an accurate value of the reacting gas concentration without any external power requirement. Experimental results confirm that this self‐powered sensor can autonomously measure concentrations as low as 250 ppm of hydrogen in air while generating power densities up to 0.5 μW cm−2 for 3% H2 at room temperature that can be eventually used to store or send the reading. Due to the universality of the concept, this new class of devices will positively contribute toward the development of other advanced self‐powered sensor nodes in the advent of the Internet of things to be used in different safety scenarios.

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“…According to the analysis in Section 2.1, a minimal supply voltage exists when an inverter loses its binary switching capability. Many research papers [15][16][17][18][19][20] have focused on this issue. Based on Meindl's fundamental limit [16], this minimum operation voltage V dd_limit is given as follows in (2):…”

Section: Fundamental Limit On Minimum Supply Voltagementioning

confidence: 99%

Low Voltage Delay Element with Dynamic Biasing Technique for Fully Integrated Cold-Start in Battery-Assistance DC Energy Harvesting Systems

Xie

2020

Applied Sciences

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This paper proposes an ultra-low voltage delay element for battery-assistance DC energy harvesting systems. By inserting a low voltage level shifter (VLS), a wider voltage range is obtained to bias the body of the delay element. Thus, both the voltage transfer curve (VTC) and the DC gain of the delay element are enhanced. Due to the introduction of the VLS, the cold start-up ring oscillator constituted by the proposed delay element can achieve oscillation under an extremely low input voltage. The fully integrated cold start-up ring oscillator with 21 stages of the proposed element is implemented in a standard 180 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The post-layout experimental results indicate that the cold start-up ring oscillator can retain oscillation when the power supply voltage (VDD) is 24 mV under a typical corner at room temperature. The output voltage swing of the cold start-up ring oscillator based on the proposed delay element is improved by more than 55% under VDD = 40 mV compared with a stacked inverter-based cold start-up ring oscillator. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation from 100 samples shows the enhanced output swing with the proposed delay element under process variation.

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A 7.5-mV-Input Boost Converter for Thermal Energy Harvesting With 11-mV Self-Startup

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

A ±0.5-mV-Minimum-Input DC-DC Converter with Stepwise Adiabatic Gate-Drive and Efficient Timing Control for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

A ±0.5-mV-Minimum-Input DC-DC Converter with Stepwise Adiabatic Gate-Drive and Efficient Timing Control for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

Highly Sensitive Self‐Powered H₂ Sensor Based on Nanostructured Thermoelectric Silicon Fabrics

Low Voltage Delay Element with Dynamic Biasing Technique for Fully Integrated Cold-Start in Battery-Assistance DC Energy Harvesting Systems

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A 7.5-mV-Input Boost Converter for Thermal Energy Harvesting With 11-mV Self-Startup

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

A ±0.5-mV-Minimum-Input DC-DC Converter with Stepwise Adiabatic Gate-Drive and Efficient Timing Control for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

A ±0.5-mV-Minimum-Input DC-DC Converter with Stepwise Adiabatic Gate-Drive and Efficient Timing Control for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

Highly Sensitive Self‐Powered H2 Sensor Based on Nanostructured Thermoelectric Silicon Fabrics

Low Voltage Delay Element with Dynamic Biasing Technique for Fully Integrated Cold-Start in Battery-Assistance DC Energy Harvesting Systems

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Product

Resources

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Highly Sensitive Self‐Powered H₂ Sensor Based on Nanostructured Thermoelectric Silicon Fabrics