A 90-day subchronic toxicological assessment of Antrodia cinnamomea in Sprague–Dawley rats

Chen, Tai-I; Chen, Chin‐Chu; Lin, Te-Hsien; Tsai, Yi Yu; Nam, Mun-Kit

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.018

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Of note, toxicological studies showed that A. cinnamomea produces no pathological abnormalities in Sprague–Dawley rats and BALB/c mice following consumption of high doses for 90 days (3000 mg kg −1 per day and 1666.67 mg kg −1 per day, respectively). 45 , 46 These observations suggest that A. cinnanomea may be suitable for long-term use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In the case of G. lucidum , a fraction containing high molecular weight polysaccharides produced anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects like those of the water extract studied here. Chen et al 45 reported that A. cinnamomea mycelium contains 8% polysaccharides. On the other hand, our mycelium contains 1.5% polysaccharides (before water extraction), suggesting that the effects described here may be due to other compounds, a possibility which requires further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antrodia cinnamomea reduces obesity and modulates the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice

Chen

et al. 2017

Int J Obes

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Background:Obesity is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, disrupted intestinal barrier and chronic inflammation. Given the high and increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, anti-obesity treatments that are safe, effective and widely available would be beneficial. We examined whether the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea may reduce obesity in mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD).Methods:Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity and chronic inflammation. The mice were treated with a water extract of A. cinnamomea (WEAC), and body weight, fat accumulation, inflammation markers, insulin sensitivity and the gut microbiota were monitored.Results:After 8 weeks, the mean body weight of HFD-fed mice was 39.8±1.2 g compared with 35.8±1.3 g for the HFD+1% WEAC group, corresponding to a reduction of 4 g or 10% of body weight (P<0.0001). WEAC supplementation reduced fat accumulation and serum triglycerides in a statistically significant manner in HFD-fed mice. WEAC also reversed the effects of HFD on inflammation markers (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), insulin resistance and adipokine production (leptin and adiponectin). Notably, WEAC increased the expression of intestinal tight junctions (zonula occludens-1 and occludin) and antimicrobial proteins (Reg3g and lysozyme C) in the small intestine, leading to reduced blood endotoxemia. Finally, WEAC modulated the composition of the gut microbiota, reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the level of Akkermansia muciniphila and other bacterial species associated with anti-inflammatory properties.Conclusions:Supplementation with A. cinnamomea produces anti-obesogenic, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects in HFD-fed mice by maintaining intestinal integrity and modulating the gut microbiota.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antrodia cinnamomea reduces obesity and modulates the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice

Chen

et al. 2017

Int J Obes

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“…Another multiple-dose clinical study indicated the safety and efficacy of AC in human upon repeated administration in a dose up to 1250 mg/kg for 90 days ( Hsiao et al, 2003 ). In animals, many studies indicated that the powder of AC fruiting body when given by oral gavage to rats at doses up to 3000 mg/kg/day for 90 consecutive days showed no systemic toxicity ( Chen et al, 2011 ; Chang et al, 2013 ). Therefore, the safety of the novel extract presented in the current study provides a valuable developmental and therapeutic approach for the employment of AC as the safe adjuvant anticancer medication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Anticancer Activity of Antrodia cinnamomea in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Cocultivation With Ginger: The Impact on Cancer Cell Survival Pathways

et al. 2018

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Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is a medicinal fungal species that has been widely used traditionally in Taiwan for the treatment of diverse health-related conditions including cancer. It possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in addition to its ability to promote cancer cell death in several human tumors. Our aim was to improve the anticancer activity of AC in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through its cocultivation with ginger aiming at tuning the active ingredients. HCC cell lines, Huh-7 and HepG2 were used to study the in vitro anticancer activity of the ethanolic extracts of AC (EAC) alone or after the cocultivation in presence of ginger (EACG). The results indicated that the cocultivation of AC with ginger significantly induced the production of important triterpenoids and EACG was significantly more potent than EAC in targeting HCC cell lines. EACG effectively inhibited cancer cells growth via the induction of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis in Huh-7 and HepG2 cells as indicated by MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, Annexin V assay, and the activation of caspase-3. In addition, EACG modulated cyclin proteins expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in favor of the inhibition of cancer cell survival. Taken together, the current study highlights an evidence that EACG is superior to EAC in targeting cancer cell survival and inducing apoptotic cell death in HCC. These findings support that EACG formula can serve as a potential candidate for HCC adjuvant therapy.

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“…Currently, some toxicology studies have demonstrated the safety of T. camphoratus, but mostly focus on mycelium products. The 90 days repeated toxicity study showed the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) value of submerged fermentation and solid-state cultivation T. camphoratus mycelium is 3000 mg/kg and up to the dosage of 7.6 g/kg in rats (Chen et al, 2010;Lo et al, 2016). The previous study also showed no adverse effects found in rats treated with mycelium of solid-state cultivation of T. camphoratus and no genotoxicity and mutagenic effects were observed (Lo et al, 2016;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies of <i>Taiwanofungus camphoratus</i> extract

Lin¹,

Chen²,

Chiu³

2019

Fundam. Toxicol. Sci.

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Taiwanofungus camphoratus is an edible and medicinal mushroom originating in Taiwan. Several researches have revealed T. camphoratus possessed various biological activities, including anti-cancer, immunomodulation, liver protection and anti-inflammation. Recently, it has been widely used in food supplements and drug development for its health benefits and medicinal properties. Therefore, the safety issue is the primary concern for consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of T. camphoratus extract that was composed of extracts from cut-log cultivated fruiting body and solid-state culture of T. camphoratus. The genotoxicity tests, rodent and non-rodent repeated dose toxicity studies were performed. The results of the genetic toxicology tests including in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay were all negative that indicated neither mutagenicity nor clastogenicity was caused by T. camphoratus extract. Moreover, 13-week and 26-week repeated dose oral toxicity studies in rats showed that no significant adverse effects of T. camphoratus extract were found up to dosages of 3400 mg/kg and 1700 mg/kg for male and female rats, respectively. The results of 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study in beagle dogs showed no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of T. camphoratus extract up to dosage of 1500 mg/kg for male and female dogs. Accordingly, these results provided the safety information of T. camphoratus extract that supported for using in food supplements or medicinal usage. Test substanceThe test article, T. camphoratus extract (named as LEAC-102), was composed of ethanol and water extracts from cut-log cultivated fruiting body (FB) and solid-state culture (SC) of T. camphoratus that provided by Taiwan Leader Biotech Corp. (Taipei, Taiwan). The cut-log cultivated FB and solid-state culture of T. camphoratus were manufactured by R&D Center of Taiwan Leader Biotech Corp. (Taichung, Taiwan). The dry powders of FB and SC were mixed in the ratio of 1:10 (w/w) and were extracted with 10 volumes of 95% ethanol for 2 hr twice, followed by extraction with 10 volumes of boiled water for 2 hr twice. The ethanol and water extracts from FB and SC were combined and concentrated to obtain LEAC-102. 1 gram of T. camphoratus extract equivalent to the extract from dried raw material of 0.22 g of fruit body and 2.2 g of solid-state culture. Bacterial reverse mutation testThe histidine-dependent Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 (Moltox Inc., Boone, NC) were used to evaluate the genotoxicity of T. camphoratus extract. T. camphoratus extract was dissolved in DMSO to obtain the dosing solution and the highest dose of this study was set at 5 mg/plate based on the results of dose range finding test in TA100. Hence, five concentrations, 0.050, 0.158, 0.50, 1.58, 5 mg/plate, were used in this study. Positive controls, negative control (sterile water), vehicle control (dimethylfloxide, ...

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A 90-day subchronic toxicological assessment of Antrodia cinnamomea in Sprague–Dawley rats

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Antrodia cinnamomea reduces obesity and modulates the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice

Antrodia cinnamomea reduces obesity and modulates the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice

Enhancing the Anticancer Activity of Antrodia cinnamomea in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Cocultivation With Ginger: The Impact on Cancer Cell Survival Pathways

Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies of <i>Taiwanofungus camphoratus</i> extract

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