A and X-type zeolites synthesised from kaolinite at low temperature

Belviso, Claudia; Cavalcante, Francesco; Lettino, Antonio; Fiore, Saverio

doi:10.1016/j.clay.2013.02.003

Cited by 91 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Based on many reports [3][4][5][6], by control hydrothermal synthesis condition, zeolite at special Si/Al ratios can be obtained from natural kaolinite with high yield. The technology showed obvious economical benefits [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of 4A zeolite containing la from kaolinite and its effect on the flammability of polypropylene

et al. 2017

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4A zeolites (4A) and 4A zeolites containing La (4A‐La) were prepared by kaolinite and their element composition, morphology, and structure were characterized by X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). 4A and 4A‐La zeolites were incorporated into PP composite containing intumescent flame retardant (IFR). The thermal behavior and flammability of PP composite were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FTIR, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimeter test (CCT). Both 4A and 4A‐La zeolites can enhance the flame retardancy of PP composites significantly. LOI for neat PP was only 18.1, it increased to 31.1 for PP/25 wt% IFR; and further increased to 34.1 and 35.5 or PP/23.5 wt% IFR/1.5 wt% 4A or 4A‐La respectively. In CCT, the value of peak heat release rate (PHRR) is 1474 kW/m2 in PP, which sharply decreased to 436, 299 and 248 kW/m2 for PP/IFR, PP/IFR/4A and PP/IFR/4A‐La composite. It was suggested that 4A‐La zeolite could alter the thermal degradation behaviors and enhance the char formation of PP composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3461–3471, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of 4A zeolite containing la from kaolinite and its effect on the flammability of polypropylene

et al. 2017

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“…Micrograph of M-CA1, K-CA48, K-AF24, and M-CA24 is depicted in Fig 5. The result of SEM-EDX sample M-CA1 in Fig 5 (A) showed that zeolite has octahedral and cubic form. The octahedral crystal is the crystal of Na-X zeolite (Belviso et al, 2013), while the cubic crystal is the crystal of Na-A zeolite (Ayele et al, 2016). The SEM image of K-AF24 (B) showed well defined octahedral crystal of Na-X zeolite, the cotton ball form is the crystal of Na-P1 zeolite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Pretreatment and Hydrothermal Process of Na-X Zeolite from Kaolin and Metakaolin

Hartati

Sakti

Firda

et al. 2019

Valensi

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Synthesis of Na-X zeolite was conducted from kaolin and metakaolin. Synthesis varied in its pretreatment method and hydrothermal conditions. The pretreatment methods used were: conventional alkaline, alkaline fusion and conventional fluoride. Hydrothermal conditions for the experiments were gradual temperature 40 o C (6h), 60 o C (6h), 80 o C (12h), and constant temperature 80 o C for 24 h, 100 o C for 24 and 100 o C for 48 h. Synthesized products were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), and N 2 Isotherm Adsorption/Desorption method. The result showed that pre-treatment by conventional fluoride could not produce Na-X zeolite, synthesis by conventional alkaline and alkaline fusion with hydrothermal at 100 o C (48h), 100 o C (24 h), and gradual temperature produce Na-X zeolite with Na-P1 or Na-A zeolite as impurities, while synthesis from metakaolin by conventional alkaline with hydrothermal at 80 o C for 24 hours produced pure Na-X zeolite. Na-X zeolite and Na-P1 zeolite with hierarchical pores were synthesized through alkali fusion with hydrothermal at 100 o C for 24 hours.

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“…However due to the variations in kaolin composition and structure its subsequent chemical reactivity may be affected. Synthesis of zeolites from kaolin is affected by factors such as degree of crystallinity of the kaolin [23], kaolin composition [30], mineralogical impurities [23,31], calcination temperature of kaolin [32], specific surface area of kaolin [33], synthesis parameters such as crystallisation temperature, time [30] and silica alumina ratio.…”

Section: Kaolin In Zeolite Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Application of Porous Kaolin-Based ZSM-5 in the Petrochemical Industry

Mohiuddin¹,

Isa²,

Mdleleni³

et al. 2020

Nanofluid Flow in Porous Media

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Zeolites are advanced chemical materials that play a significant role in many petrochemical applications. In recent years, research interest in improving and enhancing the effectiveness of ZSM-5 as a catalyst has grown immensely. In particular, finding cheaper, environmentally friendly alternative starting materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 has gained much attention. Kaolin has been widely investigated as a zeolite precursor as it comprises the required constituents for an aluminosilicate zeolite material; ubiquitous nature and its benefit in synthesising zeolites are well known as an inexpensive way of obtaining catalysts. This chapter deals with the factors affecting ZSM-5 synthesis when utilising a kaolin precursor. The effects of kaolin crystallinity, kaolinite content and synthesis parameters on ZSM-5 formation and its physicochemical properties are discussed. The potential of kaolin-based ZSM-5 as an oligomerisation catalyst is investigated. Pure, crystalline ZSM-5 could be successfully synthesised from a kaolin precursor. Physicochemical properties such as morphology, porosity and acidity are affected by the kaolin precursor and optimum synthesis conditions are required for synthesis of ZSM-5 from particular kaolin. Kaolin-based ZSM-5 catalyst showed good activity and selectivity to valuable fuel range hydrocarbons.

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A and X-type zeolites synthesised from kaolinite at low temperature

Cited by 91 publications

References 35 publications

Synthesis of 4A zeolite containing la from kaolinite and its effect on the flammability of polypropylene

Synthesis of 4A zeolite containing la from kaolinite and its effect on the flammability of polypropylene

Optimization of Pretreatment and Hydrothermal Process of Na-X Zeolite from Kaolin and Metakaolin

Synthesis and Application of Porous Kaolin-Based ZSM-5 in the Petrochemical Industry

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