A balancing act: Optimizing free chlorine contact time to minimize iodo-DBPs, NDMA, and regulated DBPs in chloraminated drinking water

Chowdary, Sridevi Anduri; Daiber, Eric J.; Shi, Honglan; Granger, Caroline O.; Richardson, Susan D.

doi:10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.024

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…In turn, alternative disinfectants increase the formation of other DBPs (mostly unregulated), such as chlorite, chlorate, bromate, nitrosamines, organic nitrogenous DBPs, iodinated DBPs, and haloaldehydes, which can also be of health concern (Richardson et al, 2007). For example, ozone and/or chlorine dioxide are used instead of chlorine (or to a much greater extent) in many European countries to comply with THM regulations (Lenntech, 2022), and many drinking water treatment plants in the US have switched to using chloramination to lower regulated THMs and haloacetic acids (Bloodgood et al, 2022). DBP classes differ in physico-chemical characteristics and toxic properties, and THMs is the most characterised DBP class in terms of toxicity and human epidemiology (Richardson et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global assessment of chemical quality of drinking water: The case of trihalomethanes

et al. 2023

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global assessment of chemical quality of drinking water: The case of trihalomethanes

et al. 2023

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“…An appropriate chlorine dose was added to each sample to reach a chlorine residual of 2–3 mg/L (free chlorine, as Cl2). After 20 min of free chlorine contact time, ammonium chloride was added to the reaction solutions (0.7 Cl/N molar ratio) to form chloramines . Samples were directly analyzed at various time points before and after the addition of ammonium chloride using the HPLC-MS/MS targeted method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Acids as Potential Precursors to Odorous Compounds in Tap Water during Spring Runoff Events

Craven

Wawryk

Carroll

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The onset of spring runoff in northern climates and tap water odor events are difficult to predict because common water quality parameters cannot fully explain the intermittent odor events that occurred over past decades. Studies have shown that small polar water-soluble compounds, such as amino acids (AAs), leach first from ice/snowmelt. AAs are known to produce odorous compounds, such as aldehydes and chloroaldimines, upon chlorination. Therefore, we proposed that AAs may serve as markers for small and soluble organics that contribute to the odor of chlorinated tap water. Here, we studied the occurrence of AAs in source water collected at two water treatment plants and the odor profiles of tap water at >300 homes during the 2021 and 2022 spring runoff events. AA concentrations were at baseline levels (<100 ng/L) during the 2021 runoff but much higher (up to 5500 ng/ L) in 2022 and associated with an escalation in odor complaints. AA concentrations peaked at the onset of the 2022 spring runoff and corresponded with the strongest reported odor intensities in tap water. We obtained high resolution MS and MS/MS spectra of chloroaldimines and confirmed the formation of chloroaldimines under chlorination of the six AAs detected in source water. The results indicate that AAs signal the onset of spring runoff and represent small polar water-soluble compounds that may contribute to tap water odor problems.

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“…The optimization of free chlorine contact time in the formation of chloramines was investigated in a study by Bloodgood et al in order to minimize the formation of iodo-DBPs, NDMA, and regulated DBPs in chloraminated drinking water . Many drinking water plants have switched from chlorine to chloramine, but while regulated THMs and HAAs are much lower, higher levels of more toxic iodo-DBPs and NDMA can form.…”

Section: Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Disinfection Byproductsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Richardson,

Manasfi

2024

Anal. Chem.

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BACKGROUND AND TRENDSThis biennial review covers developments in water analysis for emerging environmental contaminants mainly over the period of September 2021−December 2023 (with a few in early 2024). Analytical Chemistry's policy is to limit reviews to a maximum of ∼250 significant references and to mainly focus on new trends. Therefore, only a small fraction of the quality research publications are discussed. The previous Water Analysis review (with Thomas Ternes) was published in 2022. 1 This year, Tarek Manasfi joined to cover the section on pharmaceuticals and hormones. We welcome any comments you have on this Review

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A balancing act: Optimizing free chlorine contact time to minimize iodo-DBPs, NDMA, and regulated DBPs in chloraminated drinking water

Cited by 13 publications

References 81 publications

Global assessment of chemical quality of drinking water: The case of trihalomethanes

Global assessment of chemical quality of drinking water: The case of trihalomethanes

Amino Acids as Potential Precursors to Odorous Compounds in Tap Water during Spring Runoff Events

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

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