A Bark Thickness Model for White Spruce in Alaska Northern Forests

Malone, Thomas F.; Liang, Jingjing

doi:10.1155/2009/876965

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Bark thickness increased with increasing tree size (Figure 4, upper figures) in both species, in accordance with studies reporting a positive correlation between bark thickness and diameter at breast height in other conifer species (e.g., [74,75]). For the larger diameter classes, P. cooperi bark was thicker than P. durangensis bark.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Compatible System for Predicting Total and Merchantable Stem Volume over and under Bark, Branch Volume and Whole-Tree Volume of Pine Species

Corral-Rivas

Vega-Nieva

Rodríguez‐Soalleiro

et al. 2017

Forests

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Accurate quantification of branch volume in trees is important for sustainable forest management, especially as these fractions are increasingly used for bioenergy, and for precise forest CO 2 quantification. Whereas a large focus has been placed on the compatible estimation of tree taper and bole volume with and without bark, little effort has been made to develop models that allow a simultaneous prediction of these variables together with tree branch volume. In this study, 595 Pinus cooperi trees and 700 Pinus durangensis trees were sampled in pine-oak forests in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. A compatible system for predicting two segmented taper functions, over and under bark; the corresponding merchantable volumes; coarse branch volume and whole-tree volume was fitted using a modified continuous autoregressive structure to account for autocorrelation. The proposed compatible equations explained more than 97% of the observed variability in diameter over and under bark, volume over and under bark, and total tree volume and more than 64% of the observed variability in branch volume in both species. The method described can theoretically be replicated for any tree species, thus providing a better understanding of the patterns of volume distribution by components, potentially improving carbon accounting system and forest bioenergy planning.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Compatible System for Predicting Total and Merchantable Stem Volume over and under Bark, Branch Volume and Whole-Tree Volume of Pine Species

Corral-Rivas

Vega-Nieva

Rodríguez‐Soalleiro

et al. 2017

Forests

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“…Similar changes in bark texture with stages of ontogeny have been described for other deciduous (Lev‐Yadun & Aloni ; Pinard & Huffman ; Friedel et al . ) and coniferous species (Biswas & Johri ; Malone & Liang ). We found the defence offered by smooth bark against bark beetles is greatest for smaller trees, but is retained into trees that are, respectively, large in size (approximately 30 cm in diameter; Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smooth bark surfaces can defend trees against insect attack: resurrecting a ‘slippery’ hypothesis

Ferrenberg

Mitton

2014

Functional Ecology

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Summary Smooth bark on trees and shrubs was historically hypothesized to be an anatomical defence against epiphytic vegetation and phytophagous insects. This hypothesis has fallen from favour, yet no clear tests of bark texture as a defence against insects have been published. We tested the smooth bark defence hypothesis using bark beetles specialized in attacking pine trees as model insects, and Pinus flexilis (limber pine) – a widespread tree that can have both smooth and rough bark surfaces on the same stem – as the model tree. We investigated the effects of bark texture on the locations of bark beetle attacks on trees with a combination of field surveys and experiments in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. Bark beetle attacks were overwhelmingly located on rough bark surfaces and virtually absent from smooth bark. Increasing proportional coverage by smooth bark was negatively related to bark beetle attacks per square metre of bark surface. Experimental tests of bark beetles' ability to grip smooth versus rough bark revealed that bark beetles have difficulty gripping and quickly fell from smooth bark but not from rough bark. Smooth bark was negatively related to increasing tree size, but our models indicated that even partial coverage by smooth bark on a tree's trunk can significantly reduce total bark beetle attacks – this reduction likely improves tree fitness as bark beetles must aggregate to overcome tree defences. Synthesis. Our results indicate that smooth bark on trees can act as an anatomical defence against insects by reducing their ability to grip a tree's surface – even for insects specialized in attacking tree stems. Similar to other forms of anti‐insect defence (i.e. secondary chemistry, leaf toughness), smooth bark appears to be influenced by plant ontogeny whereby younger trees have greater defences than older trees. Understanding the adaptive significance of bark texture will require continued field and genetic study. Nevertheless, our results revealed that smooth bark texture increases tree resistance to phytophagous insects calling for the resurrection and vetting of the smooth bark defence hypothesis.

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“…Although no data on the amount of bark of the trees studied is available, it is known, for example that Pinus sylvestris has values from 5 to 18 % (Standke & Schneider, 1981). Other reports for different tree species indicate that the bark volume varies from 10 to 20 % (Grassia, 2009;Lassasenaho, Melkas, & Alden, 2005;Malone & Liang, 2009;Sonmez, Keles, & Tilki, 2007). These data suggests that the amount of bark generated by a tree may be a residue that is susceptible of energy use.…”

Section: Determinación Del Poder Caloríficomentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Aunque no se dispone de datos sobre la cantidad de corteza de los árboles estudiados, es conocido, por ejemplo, que Pinus sylvestris tiene valores de 5 a 18 % (Standke & Schneider, 1981). Otros reportes para diferentes especies de árboles indican que el volumen de corteza varía de 10 a 20 % (Grassia, 2009;Lassasenaho, Melkas, & Alden, 2005;Malone & Liang, 2009;Sonmez, Keles, & Tilki, 2007). Estos datos sugieren que la cantidad de corteza que genera un árbol, pudiera ser un residuo susceptible de aprovechamiento energético.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Poder Calorífico Y Material Inorgánico en La Corteza De Seis Árboles Frutales

Martínez-Pérez¹,

Pedraza-Bucio²,

Apolinar-Cortes³

et al. 2012

Rev Cha Se Cie For y del Amb

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El poder calorífico y el contenido de sustancias minerales (cenizas) se determinaron en la corteza de seis especies arbóreas frutales (Annona cherimola Mill., Citrus aurantifolia Swingle, Malus domestica Borkh., Psidium guajava L., Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D. A. Webb y Tamarindus indica L.). Las cenizas obtenidas fueron analizadas mediante rayos X. Los valores encontrados de poder calorífico variaron de 3,453.49 kcal·kg-1 en T. indica a 4,076.10 kcal·kg-1 en P. guajava. En el caso de las cenizas, los resultados fluctuaron de 5.76 % en P. guajava a 21.93 % en T. indica. Se observó que un contenido mayor de minerales en las cortezas tiende a disminuir su poder calorífico. Los elementos químicos comunes en las muestras analizadas fueron calcio, potasio, magnesio, fósforo y azufre. No se detec- taron metales pesados en las muestras de la corteza.

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A Bark Thickness Model for White Spruce in Alaska Northern Forests

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Compatible System for Predicting Total and Merchantable Stem Volume over and under Bark, Branch Volume and Whole-Tree Volume of Pine Species

Compatible System for Predicting Total and Merchantable Stem Volume over and under Bark, Branch Volume and Whole-Tree Volume of Pine Species

Smooth bark surfaces can defend trees against insect attack: resurrecting a ‘slippery’ hypothesis

Poder Calorífico Y Material Inorgánico en La Corteza De Seis Árboles Frutales

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