“…These techniques were later used in other fields, such as ecology [ 29 , 30 ], and engineering applications, for example, dielectric elastomers, solid amorphous polymers, and lithium-ion batteries [ [31] , [32] , [33] ]. However, this is much less widespread in biomathematics applications, where challenges in estimating relevant parameters are unique [ [34] , [35] , [36] ]. For example, one of the most important outcomes in biological DA is to predict and optimize the relevant factors involved in biofilm development so that efficient optimal control targets can be identified by coupling DA with sensitivity analysis [ 36 ].…”