A Behavioral Analysis of the Reinforcing Properties of Alcohol and Other Drugs in Man

Mello, Nancy K.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3518-4_6

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…We have suggested elsewhere that a stimulus self-administration framework may be a useful way to think about polydrug use of substances with conflicting or antithetical behavioral effects (Mello 1977(Mello , 1978(Mello , 1983. The reinforcer for drug use may be a change in state, and the direction of that change may be less important than the occurrence of the change itself (for review see Mello 1983;Mello and Mendelson 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cigarette smoking by women: interactions with alcohol use

1987

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Cigarette smoking increased during alcohol self-administration in comparison to an alcohol-free baseline in 24 women given access to alcohol for 21 days. Heavy smokers (25 or more cigarettes per day) increased smoking significantly during drinking (P less than 0.05). Analysis of tobacco smoking by level of alcohol consumption showed that both heavy and moderate alcohol users increased smoking significantly during alcohol availability (P less than 0.05, 0.01). The heavy and moderate smokers smoked significantly more between noon and midnight (P less than 0.001) than at other times when alcohol was available. The rate of cigarette smoking (defined by inter-cigarette intervals) was faster during alcohol self-administration than during the alcohol-free baseline. Heavy smokers smoked most cigarettes at intervals of 11-20 min during heavy or moderate drinking. During the pre-alcohol baseline, these women smoked most cigarettes at intervals of 21-30 or 31-40 min. Most women (70-74%) also increased tobacco smoking at the premenstruum. Both heavy and occasional smokers increased smoking at the premenstruum significantly more than the moderate smokers (P less than 0.05). All women reported increased psychological discomfort at the premenstruum on the Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF) but reports of physical discomfort were more marked in women who smoked less at the premenstruum. These data extend previous findings in men that alcohol consumption is associated with increased cigarette smoking to female social drinkers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cigarette smoking by women: interactions with alcohol use

1987

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“…However, addictive substances also have well known aversive properties. Dysphoria as well as euphoria is reported by drug users (Resnick et al 1977;Meyer and Mirin 1979;Mello 1983) and animals may avoid flavours previously paired with drug of abuse (Le Magnen 1969;Reicher and Holman 1977;Goudie 1979;Carr and White 1986;Lett 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Dose-dependent aversive and rewarding effects of amphetamine as revealed by a new place conditioning apparatus

et al. 1996

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Amphetamine-induced place conditioning was evaluated in mice using a newly designed apparatus. It was demonstrated that this apparatus provides a neutral set of cues devoid of rewarding or aversive properties and can reveal place preference or aversion after pairings with drugs (amphetamine and morphine for preference and naloxone for aversion) known to produce such effects. Moreover, repeated pairings of environmental cues with either 2 or 3 mg/kg d-amphetamine resulted in significant conditioned place preference on a drug free test, whilst repeated pairings with a lower dose of the drug (1 mg/kg) resulted in significant conditioned place aversion. Finally, a small number of mice showed opposite responses in comparison with group means at low as well as at high doses of amphetamine. These results suggest that amphetamine may promote conditioned place preference or avoidance depending on dosage and individual susceptibility.

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“…These studies have suggested that the decrease in heart rate following alcohol may reflect a stress-dampening or tension-reduction effect of alcohol that could lead to the subjective perceptions of high and intoxication following alcohol (Greeley and Oei, 1999). Many studies have implied that the stimulant-like effects are predominantly seen in the early phases of alcohol exposure, usually when BrAC levels are rising (Friedman et al, 1980; Mello, 1983; Conrod et al, 2001; also see recent review by Hendler et al, 2013), and some of these effects may be accompanied by a decreased in stress-responsiveness, including a lowering of heart-rate following alcohol administration. There are also studies demonstrating that cues associated with alcohol can result in alterations in heart rate and heart rate variability (Hauser et al, 2003; Ingjaldsson et al, 2003; Garland et al, 2012), suggesting that the tachycardia and decreased heart rate variability seen in oral alcohol studies may be due, in part, to the olfactory, visual and gustatory cues associated with drinking alcohol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac Reactivity During the Ascending Phase of Acute Intravenous Alcohol Exposure and Association with Subjective Perceptions of Intoxication in Social Drinkers

Vatsalya

Momenan

Hommer

et al. 2014

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Objectives The aim of this study was to characterize cardiac reactivity measures, heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), following acute intravenous (IV) alcohol administration and their association with subjective responses in social drinkers. Methods 24 subjects (11 females) received IV alcohol infusions to attain and clamp the breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) at 50 mg% or placebo in separate sessions. Serial 5-min cardiac recordings at baseline and during the infusion were analyzed to obtain frequency and time-domain cardiac measures. Self-reported subjective perceptions were also obtained at the same time-points. Results HR showed significant decreases from baseline, while the HRV measure pNN50 showed steady increases during the ascending phase of alcohol infusion. HR was inversely correlated with pNN50 across time and treatment. There was a significant association of HR with subjective feelings of high, intoxication, feelings and liking of drug effects across time during the ascending phase. Conclusions Acute IV alcohol resulted in decreases in HR and increases in HRV consistent with autonomic parasympathetic activation. The association of these changes with subjective responses suggests that cardiac reactivity may serve as a physiological marker of subjective alcohol effects. This study broadens the understanding of acute cardiovascular effects of alcohol and clinically significant cardiac conditions like arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy associated with chronic alcohol drinking.

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A Behavioral Analysis of the Reinforcing Properties of Alcohol and Other Drugs in Man

Cited by 26 publications

References 123 publications

Cigarette smoking by women: interactions with alcohol use

Cigarette smoking by women: interactions with alcohol use

Dose-dependent aversive and rewarding effects of amphetamine as revealed by a new place conditioning apparatus

Cardiac Reactivity During the Ascending Phase of Acute Intravenous Alcohol Exposure and Association with Subjective Perceptions of Intoxication in Social Drinkers

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