A Bicontinuous Double Gyroid Hybrid Solar Cell

Crossland, Edward J. W.; Kamperman, Marleen; Nedelcu, Mihaela; Ducati, Caterina; Wiesner, Ulrich; Smilgies, Detlef‐M.; Toombes, Gilman E. S.; Hillmyer, Marc A.; Ludwigs, Sabine; Steiner, Ullrich; Snaith, Henry J.

doi:10.1021/nl803174p

Cited by 480 publications

(509 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Recently, gyroid and columnar structures were replicated in anatase titania and the titania structures immersed in dye and back filled with a liquid electrolyte to create dye-sensitised cells (DSCs). 26,27 These cells show power efficiencies of around 2%, considerably less than the best efficiencies of 11% obtained for liquid electrolyte dye-sensitised cells made from mesoporous titania, 28 but comparable to devices of a similar thickness. To the authors' knowledge, such bicontinuous structures have yet to be adopted in an all-conjugated polymer solar cell, although diblock copolymers based on conjugated polymers have now been synthesised.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Bicontinuous minimal surface nanostructures for polymer blend solar cells

Kimber

Walker

Schröder‐Turk

et al. 2010

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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This paper presents the first examination of the potential for bicontinuous structures such as the gyroid structure to produce high efficiency solar cells based on conjugated polymers. The solar cell characteristics are predicted by a simulation model that shows how the morphology influences device performance through integration of all the processes occurring in organic photocells in a specified morphology. In bicontinuous phases, the surface defining the interface between the electron and hole transporting phases divides the volume into two disjoint subvolumes. Exciton loss is reduced because the interface at which charge separation occurs permeates the device so excitons have only a short distance to reach the interface. As each of the component phases is connected, charges will be able to reach the electrodes more easily. In simulations of the current-voltage characteristics of organic cells with gyroid, disordered blend and vertical rod (rods normal to the electrodes) morphologies, we find that gyroids have a lower than anticipated performance advantage over disordered blends, and that vertical rods are superior. These results are explored thoroughly, with geminate recombination, i.e. recombination of charges originating from the same exciton, identified as the primary source of loss. Thus, if an appropriate materials choice could reduce geminate recombination, gyroids show great promise for future research and applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Bicontinuous minimal surface nanostructures for polymer blend solar cells

Kimber

Walker

Schröder‐Turk

et al. 2010

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…41 The use of an inorganic semiconductor as acceptor allows the construction of a rigid nanostructured acceptor phase, e.g. by solution based techniques, and the subsequent infilling of the pores of the inorganic film with an organic donor component.…”

Section: Alternative Strategies To Control the Microstructure Of Donomentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of blend microstructure on bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic performance

et al. 2011

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This tutorial review discusses the factors influencing blend microstructure and performance in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells.Please check this proof carefully. Our staff will not read it in detail after you have returned it. Translation errors between word-processor files and typesetting systems can occur so the whole proof needs to be read. Please pay particular attention to: tabulated material; equations; numerical data; figures and graphics; and references. If you have not already indicated the corresponding author(s) please mark their name(s) with an asterisk. Please e-mail a list of corrections or the PDF with electronic notes attached --do not change the text within the PDF file or send a revised manuscript.Please bear in mind that minor layout improvements, e.g. in line breaking, table widths and graphic placement, are routinely applied to the final version.Please note that, in the typefaces we use, an italic vee looks like this: n, and a Greek nu looks like this: n.We will publish articles on the web as soon as possible after receiving your corrections; no late corrections will be made.Please return your final corrections, where possible within 48 hours of receipt, by e-mail to: chemsocrev@rsc.org Reprints-Electronic (PDF) reprints will be provided free of charge to the corresponding author. Enquiries about purchasing paper reprints should be addressed via: http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ReSourCe/PaperReprints/. Costs for reprints are below: Q3The sentence beginning ''For example it has been shown. . .'' has been altered for clarity, please check that the meaning is correct. Q4The citation to ' Fig. 8(a)' in the sentence beginning 'Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. . .' has been changed to ' Fig. 10(a)' as the text appears to discuss ' Fig. 10(a)'. Please check that this is correct. Q5The citation to ' Fig. 8(b)' in the sentence beginning 'Upon annealing, P3HT chains begin to crystallize. . .' has been changed to ' Fig The performance of organic photovoltaic devices based upon bulk heterojunction blends of donor and acceptor materials has been shown to be highly dependent on the thin film microstructure. In this tutorial review, we discuss the factors responsible for influencing blend microstructure and how these affect device performance. In particular we discuss how various molecular design approaches can affect the thin film morphology of both the donor and acceptor components, as well as their blend microstructure. We further examine the influence of polymer molecular weight and blend composition upon device performance, and discuss how a variety of processing techniques can be used to control the blend microstructure, leading to improvements in solar cell efficiencies.

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“…[ 9 ] Some studies have shown that 3D architectures outperform those of lower dimensionality (e.g., nanowire arrays) in terms of their mechanical stability. [ 10,11 ] Additionally, 3D interconnectivity guarantees the transport of charge carriers across the network. remaining phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Nanostructured Conjugated Polymers for Optical Applications

Dehmel

Nicolas

Scherer

et al. 2015

Adv Funct Materials

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wileyonlinelibrary.comThe ideal mesoporous morphology should also exhibit interconnected pores of constant diameter for an optimized accessibility to the interfacial surface.The double-gyroid (DG) morphology with cubic 3 Ia d symmetry fulfi ls these criteria. It is a 3D continuous equilibrium structure arising from the self-assembly of strongly segregated diblock copolymers, [ 12,13 ] which comprises two interwoven single-gyroid networks with I 4 1 32 symmetry. These networks are related by inversion and are separated by a so-called matrix phase. A signifi cant advantage of the DG structure is the self-supporting nature of all constituent phases, which facilitates the synthesis of free-standing networks and thus greatly increases the number of possible fabrication pathways. Moreover, the pores as well as the surrounding struts are uniformly sized and well-ordered, ensuring interconnectivity of both networks across macroscopic dimensions.The replication of 3D nanonetwork morphologies into functional materials separates the optimization of a self-assembled template (such as a DG morphology) from the synthesis of the functional material that fi lls the template. While well established for metals [ 14 ] and metal-oxides, [ 15 ] it is also promising for the nanostructured synthesis of intractable organic materials. The replication of self-assembled templates is particularly interesting for conjugated polymers, the synthesis of which does not allow a precise control over their 3D morphology. Compared to inorganic templates, which require corrosive media for their chemical degradation, [ 16 ] soft organic templates offer the possibility of a mild template removal by dissolution. Recently, Cho et al. have demonstrated the microemulsion synthesis of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) gels with a DG morphology. [ 17 ] Retrieving a mesoporous aerogel from this precursor for application in functional devices is however virtually impossible because the gel itself is unstable and undergoes a transition from the gyroidal to the lamellar phase at 30 °C. In contrast, replicating mesoporous, DG-structured polymer templates into conjugated polymers may afford denser and therefore more stable functional materials.Compared to the replication of inorganic materials, template-assisted polymer synthesis presents many challenges, as it requires a complex multistep wet-chemical process involving several orthogonal solvents that are highly specifi c to either the template or the synthesized replica. Furthermore, synthesis reactions have to be chosen so that the template remains inert. The following requirements are essential:First, to form the mesoporous polymeric template, one of the copolymer blocks must be removed without affecting the 3D Nanostructured Conjugated Polymers for Optical ApplicationsRaphael Dehmel , Alexandre Nicolas , Maik R. J. Scherer , and Ullrich Steiner * The self assembly of block-copolymers into the gyroid morphology is replicated into 3D nanostructured conjugated polymers. Voided styrenic gyroidal networ...

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A Bicontinuous Double Gyroid Hybrid Solar Cell

Cited by 480 publications

References 36 publications

Bicontinuous minimal surface nanostructures for polymer blend solar cells

Bicontinuous minimal surface nanostructures for polymer blend solar cells

Influence of blend microstructure on bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic performance

3D Nanostructured Conjugated Polymers for Optical Applications

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