A Bifunctional Enzyme That Has Both Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase and Acyl Hydrolase Activities

Vijayaraj, Panneerselvam; Jashal, Charnitkaur B.; Vijayakumar, Anitha; Sapa, Hima; Rao, D.K. Venkata; Rajasekharan, Ram

doi:10.1104/pp.112.202135

Cited by 21 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…MAG is converted to DAG by MAG acyltransferase (MGAT) that transfers an acyl moiety from acyl-CoA to MAG. Finally, DAG is then acylated by DAG acyltransferase (DGAT) to produce TAG (Sreedhar, Priya, Sunny, Ram, & Malathi, 2015;Vijayaraj et al, 2012).…”

Section: Identified Proteins From Chia Seedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a Source of Proteins and Bioactive Peptides with Health Benefits: A Review

Grancieri

Martino

Mejía

2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

186

121

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The consumption of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) has increased in recent years due its high content of omega‐3 fatty acids and dietary fiber. This seed also has a high concentration of proteins and essential amino acids, becoming a promising source of bioactive peptides. The objective of this review was to identify the composition and the beneficial effects of chia seeds (S. hispanica L.), their proteins, peptides, and their potential impact on human health. The UniProt database was used to identify the chia proteins and their amino acid sequences. The BIOPEP database was used to analyze the peptides's bioactive potential. A total of 20 proteins were cataloged in chia seed, 12 of those were involved in the regular metabolic processes of the plant cells. However, eight proteins were specifically related to production and storage of plant lipids, thus explaining the high concentration of lipids in chia seeds (around 30%), especially omega‐3 fatty acids (around 20%). The analyses of amino acid sequences showed peptides with bioactive potential, including dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, and antioxidant capacity. These results correlated with the main health benefits of whole chia seed in humans such as antioxidant capacity, and hypotensive, hypoglycemic, and anticholesterolemic effects. Such relation can be associated with chia protein and peptide compositions and therefore needs further investigation in vitro and in vivo.

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Section: Identified Proteins From Chia Seedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a Source of Proteins and Bioactive Peptides with Health Benefits: A Review

Grancieri

Martino

Mejía

2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

186

121

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Vijayaraj et al . () had reported the MAG hydrolase activities of AtMAGL3 (not observed in Table ). Later, AtMAGL3 was known to function as a caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) involved in lignin biosynthesis (Vanholme et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The site-directed mutagenesis analysis of Tgl3p (the H298A of HX 4 D motif and the S237A of GXSXG motif) showed that acyltransferase and TAG lipase motifs act independently of each other (Rajakumari and Daum, 2010). Among the 16 AtMAGL members, AtMAGL3, which contains both a HX 4 D acyltransferase motif and a GXSXG lipase motif, was reported to have both MGAT and acyl hydrolase activities (Vijayaraj et al, 2012). When it was analyzed if other AtMAGL members (Yamamoto et al, 2014) and germinating seeds (GS) after 24 h of imbibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…plantbiology.msu.edu; Li-Beisson et al, 2013), almost nothing is known about their molecular and biochemical properties and their roles in plants. It was recently reported that a peanut (Arachis hypogaea) monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) harbors dual activities that catalyze both the synthesis of diacylglycerol and the hydrolysis of MAG and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) substrates (Vijayaraj et al, 2012). Similar to the peanut MGAT, the Arabidopsis homolog (At1 g52760; AtMAGL3) was revealed to have bifunctional monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MAGT) and acyl hydrolase activities (Vijayaraj et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was recently reported that a peanut (Arachis hypogaea) monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) harbors dual activities that catalyze both the synthesis of diacylglycerol and the hydrolysis of MAG and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) substrates (Vijayaraj et al, 2012). Similar to the peanut MGAT, the Arabidopsis homolog (At1 g52760; AtMAGL3) was revealed to have bifunctional monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MAGT) and acyl hydrolase activities (Vijayaraj et al, 2012). This gene (At1 g52760) was initially identified as a putative lysophospholipase 2 (lysoPL2) protein interacting with acyl-CoA-binding protein 2 (ACBP2) (Gao et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular and biochemical characterizations of the monoacylglycerol lipase gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana

Kim

Shim

et al. 2016

The Plant Journal

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SUMMARYMonoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) catalyzes the last step of triacylglycerol breakdown, which is the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerol (MAG) to fatty acid and glycerol. Arabidopsis harbors over 270 genes annotated as 'lipase', the largest class of acyl lipid metabolism genes that have not been characterized experimentally. In this study, computational modeling suggested that 16 Arabidopsis putative MAGLs (AtMAGLs) have a three-dimensional structure that is similar to a human MAGL. Heterologous expression and enzyme assays indicated that 11 of the 16 encoded proteins indeed possess MAG lipase activity. Additionally, AtMAGL4 displayed hydrolase activity with lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) substrates and AtMAGL1 and 2 utilized LPE as a substrate. All recombinant AtMAGLs preferred MAG substrates with unsaturated fatty acids over saturated fatty acids and AtMAGL8 exhibited the highest hydrolase activities with MAG containing 20:1 fatty acids. Except for AtMAGL4, À14 and À16, all AtMAGLs showed similar activity with both sn-1 and sn-2 MAG isomers. Spatial, temporal and stress-induced expression of the 16 AtMAGL genes was analyzed by transcriptome analyses. AtMAGL:eYFP fusion proteins provided initial evidence that AtMAGL1, À3, À6, -7, À8, À11, À13, À14 and À16 are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum and/ or Golgi network, AtMAGL10, À12 and À15 to the cytosol and AtMAGL2, À4 and À5 to the chloroplasts. Furthermore, AtMAGL8 was associated with the surface of oil bodies in germinating seeds and leaves accumulating oil bodies. This study provides the broad characterization of one of the least well-understood groups of Arabidopsis lipid-related enzymes and will be useful for better understanding their roles in planta.

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An annotated database of Arabidopsis mutants of acyl lipid metabolism

et al. 2014

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Key messageWe have constructed and annotated a web-based database of over 280 Arabidopsis genes that have characterized mutants associated with Arabidopsis acyl lipid metabolism.AbstractMutants have played a fundamental role in gene discovery and in understanding the function of genes involved in plant acyl lipid metabolism. The first mutant in Arabidopsis lipid metabolism (fad4) was described in 1985. Since that time, characterization of mutants in more than 280 genes associated with acyl lipid metabolism has been reported. This review provides a brief background and history on identification of mutants in acyl lipid metabolism, an analysis of the distribution of mutants in different areas of acyl lipid metabolism and presents an annotated database (ARALIPmutantDB) of these mutants. The database provides information on the phenotypes of mutants, pathways and enzymes/proteins associated with the mutants, and allows rapid access via hyperlinks to summaries of information about each mutant and to literature that provides information on the lipid composition of the mutants. In addition, the database of mutants is integrated within the ARALIP plant acyl lipid metabolism website (http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu) so that information on mutants is displayed on and can be accessed from metabolic pathway maps. Mutants for at least 30 % of the genes in the database have multiple names, which have been compiled here to reduce ambiguities in searches for information. The database should also provide a tool for exploring the relationships between mutants in acyl lipid-related genes and their lipid phenotypes and point to opportunities for further research.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00299-014-1710-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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A Bifunctional Enzyme That Has Both Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase and Acyl Hydrolase Activities

Cited by 21 publications

References 60 publications

Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a Source of Proteins and Bioactive Peptides with Health Benefits: A Review

Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a Source of Proteins and Bioactive Peptides with Health Benefits: A Review

Molecular and biochemical characterizations of the monoacylglycerol lipase gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana

An annotated database of Arabidopsis mutants of acyl lipid metabolism

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