Manganese dioxide (MnO 2)-based functional nanomaterials have attracted great attention in the fields of nanoscience, biosensors, bioimaging, drug/ gene delivery, and cancer therapy. Especially, all-in-one tumor microenvironment (TME) responsive MnO 2-based nanoagents have become a research hotspot due to their simple fabrication procedure, high specific surface area, controllable size and morphologies, easy surface modification, TME response, and oxygen generation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of strategies for construction of MnO 2-based all-in-one nanoplatforms for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Major highlighted topics in this paper focus on the controllable fabrication of MnO 2 nanobuilding blocks, tumor targeting accumulation, working mechanisms of enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and the necessary considerations for construction of all-in-one nanoplatform. Finally, the current challenges and future directions in this rapidly growing research field are also discussed, which will provide guidance on the future works about the clinical translation of MnO 2-based all-in-one nanoplatform. 1. Introduction Cancer is one of the life-threatening diseases with high annual mortality rate. Due to the abnormal structure of tumor blood vessels, abnormal proliferation, and special metabolic patterns of tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment (TME) displays obvious abnormal characteristics, such as hypoxia, high H 2 O 2 and glutathione (GSH) concentration, and low pH (4.5-5.0). [1] Despite many efforts have been made to develop new strategies for cancer therapy, heterogeneous tumoral tissue and unique TME limited the therapeutic efficacy. [2] The results obtained from laboratory research and preclinical practice indicate that monotherapy cannot completely eradicate the tumor